Questão 12 - UFRGS 2º dia 2025

A questão está relacionada ao texto abaixo.

 

    The first time I saw an encaustic painting, I 
was mesmerized by its beautiful surface, 
translucency, and incredible texture which you 
could appreciate for hours. Encaustics are like 
[5] no other form of painting, in that there are 
endless techniques and fleeting seconds before 
your medium solidifies. It is a medium where 
you have to trust your instincts and paint in the 
moment. You have to take leaps of faith. In the 
[10] beginning there are many frustrations, but over 
time you learn how to work with the beautiful 
accidents which incur.

     Encaustic painting is one of the oldest forms of 
painting, and stems from the word Enkaustikos, 
[15] which means “to burn in”. It originated in 
Ancient Greece three thousand years ago when 
ancient ship builders would use a combination 
of wax and resin to seal and waterproof their 
hulls. Pigments were then added to the medium 
[20] and led to the decoration of warships. Most 
likely the most famous encaustic paintings of all 
time are the Fayum mummy funeral portraits 
from the late 1st century BCE or the early 2nd 
century CE onwards. As tradition, funeral 
[25] portraits were placed over a person’s mummy 
as a memorial.  Many of these mummies have 
survived to present day, and the portraits 
maintain their bright and vivid colors because 
the pigments remain suspended in the wax 
[30] medium; thereby retaining their vibrance.

     After the decline of the Roman Empire, 
encaustic painting fell by the wayside as the 
country faced instability and economic turmoil. 
At this time, encaustic was largely replaced by 
[35] tempera, which was easier to work with and 
more economical. Some painting continued as 
late as the 7th century, but encaustics soon 
became a lost art. Later in the 19th century 
mural painters in northern climates 
[40] experimented with encaustics to battle 
problems of dampness in mural paintings, but 
success was limited. Leonardo da Vinci 
experimented with using encaustics in his work, 
but was not successful. Other European artists 
[45] including Vincent van Gogh and Julius Schnorr 
von Carolsfeld used encaustics in their oil 
paintings to separate layers of paint with 
translucent layers. 

     Wax has many qualities that last the test of 
[50] time, and encaustic may be the most durable

form of painting. Beeswax is moisture resistant, 
it is a natural adhesive, it does not attract 
insects, and it resists mildew. Solvents and oils 
can darken or yellow over time, but beeswax 
[55] does not change color at all.   

     As with oil paint, you should only paint with

encaustics in a well-ventilated studio

environment, using either an industrial

ventilating system, or a fan near your work

[60] surface to blow air away …….. you in

combination with open windows. A safe working

range for encaustic is …….. 150–175ºF.

Beeswax has a flash point of …….. 470ºF, but at

no point should you allow the wax to get close 
[65] to this temperature. If your wax begins to 
smoke at any point, turn …….. the heat. Keep a 
fire extinguisher handy in your studio because 
water does not extinguish wax which is 
inflamed. If you use tools such as a griddle with 
[70] encaustic painting, do not later use them for 
food preparation. Rather, dedicate them solely 
to work with encaustic.

Adapted from: MARGELL, J. Encaustic Art. 7. ed. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) Parkstone International, 2013.

Mark the statements about the use of the word which with T (true) or F (false) according to the text.

 

(  ) The word which (l. 03) could well be omitted with no significant change in meaning.

(  ) Replacing which (l. 15) with that would, with no further changes, result in a grammatically accurate sentence.

(  ) The removal of the word which from line 35 would require no further change to the sentence.

 

How should the sequence read from top to bottom?