Questões de Inglês

Read the text below and answer the questions which follow it.

 

OPINION: FAKE NEWS ABOUT THE CORONA VIRUS AND SCIENCE IN GENERAL

By Marc Schiltz

 

The news about the Corona Virus epidemic is making many people hold their breath on a daily basis. A theory has been spreading on social media that the virus did not – as assumed – start on a market in the Chinese city of Wuhan, but that it was created in a lab where scientists experimented with viruses. The ‘theory’ is that something went wrong with their experiment and this led to the virus. Despite no foundation for this claim, it is spreading like fire, like the virus itself.

 

The internet and social networks pose a new and difficult challenge for dealing with information. Scientific studies have shown that false information spreads on social media up to ten times faster than truthful information, and that false information tends to reach a wider number of users.

 

Then there is the phenomenon of “social robots”: robots deployed on social media to spread information in a way where it appears they are real users. A recent study indicated that one quarter of the tweets about climate change were posted by such robots, with the majority devoid of any scientific foundation. This proportion was higher in certain topics—robots were responsible for 38% of tweets about “fake science” and 28% of all tweets about the petroleum giant Exxon.

 

Science struggles with Fake News. Most of the time, Fake News are short and very objective. On the other hand, Scientific and medical articles are long and complex. Still, science must try to fight back– for example what the WHO is trying to do with information about the Corona Virus epidemic.

 

One avenue is to get more visibility, for example by bringing science together with ‘influencers’, supporting science journalists, or increasing the communication coming directly from the scientists. Science actors can also create their

 

own platforms with large visibility – as Luxembourg has done with science.lu.

 

It is clear – it will be a great challenge to limit the spread of Fake News and pseudo-science, just like the Corona Virus.

Avaiable in: https://www.fnr.lu/research-with-impact-fnrhighlight/opinion-fake-news-about-the-corona-virus-andscience-in-general/. Access 13 mar 2020.

 

Glossary: spread: espalhar; foundation: fundamento; deployed: implantados; devoid: desprovido(a); struggles: luta

 

The only statement, about the spread of fake news, which is TRUE, according to the text is

Read the text below and answer the questions which follow it.

 

OPINION: FAKE NEWS ABOUT THE CORONA VIRUS AND SCIENCE IN GENERAL

By Marc Schiltz

 

The news about the Corona Virus epidemic is making many people hold their breath on a daily basis. A theory has been spreading on social media that the virus did not – as assumed – start on a market in the Chinese city of Wuhan, but that it was created in a lab where scientists experimented with viruses. The ‘theory’ is that something went wrong with their experiment and this led to the virus. Despite no foundation for this claim, it is spreading like fire, like the virus itself.

 

The internet and social networks pose a new and difficult challenge for dealing with information. Scientific studies have shown that false information spreads on social media up to ten times faster than truthful information, and that false information tends to reach a wider number of users.

 

Then there is the phenomenon of “social robots”: robots deployed on social media to spread information in a way where it appears they are real users. A recent study indicated that one quarter of the tweets about climate change were posted by such robots, with the majority devoid of any scientific foundation. This proportion was higher in certain topics—robots were responsible for 38% of tweets about “fake science” and 28% of all tweets about the petroleum giant Exxon.

 

Science struggles with Fake News. Most of the time, Fake News are short and very objective. On the other hand, Scientific and medical articles are long and complex. Still, science must try to fight back– for example what the WHO is trying to do with information about the Corona Virus epidemic.

 

One avenue is to get more visibility, for example by bringing science together with ‘influencers’, supporting science journalists, or increasing the communication coming directly from the scientists. Science actors can also create their

 

own platforms with large visibility – as Luxembourg has done with science.lu.

 

It is clear – it will be a great challenge to limit the spread of Fake News and pseudo-science, just like the Corona Virus.

Avaiable in: https://www.fnr.lu/research-with-impact-fnrhighlight/opinion-fake-news-about-the-corona-virus-andscience-in-general/. Access 13 mar 2020.

 

Glossary: spread: espalhar; foundation: fundamento; deployed: implantados; devoid: desprovido(a); struggles: luta

 

The theory that the Corona virus was created in a lab is considered, by the author, as fake news because it

In a review of Dr. Tigard’s full article, Laurel Ranger comments:

 

Between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths occur in the United States each year because of medical errors. Some have suggested that medical education should evolve to include how to disclose medical errors, apologize, meet patients’ needs, and take responsibility for mistakes.

Although the current argument often runs that accepting blame hinders systemic changes because medical professionals fear being sued and may be tempted to cover up mistakes, Dr. Tigard suggests that accepting blame and offering apologies for medical errors may in fact decrease the risk for malpractice lawsuits. Patients who have been harmed because of a medical error often want to prevent others from experiencing the same errors. There is also evidence to suggest that clinicians who accept blame for errors are more likely to learn from their mistakes and improve their practices than those who do not.

(Adapted from https://www.medicalbag.com)

 

O texto de Laurel Ranger afirma que

Daniel W Tigard

Abstract

 

Medical errors are all too common. Ever since a report issued by the Institute of Medicine raised awareness of this unfortunate reality, an emerging theme has gained prominence in the literature on medical error. Fears of blame and punishment, it is often claimed, allow errors to remain undisclosed. Accordingly, modern healthcare must shift away from blame towards a culture of safety in order to effectively reduce the occurrence of error. Against this shift, I argue that it would serve the medical community well to retain notions of individual responsibility and blame in healthcare settings. In particular, expressions of moral emotions − such as guilt, regret and remorse − appear to play an important role in the process of disclosing harmful errors to patients and families. I such selfblaming responses can have negative psychological effects on the individual practitioner, those who take the blame are in the best position to offer apologies and show that mistakes are being taken seriously, thereby allowing harmed patients and families to move forward in the wake of medical error.

(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

No texto, Tigard argumenta que

Daniel W Tigard

Abstract

 

Medical errors are all too common. Ever since a report issued by the Institute of Medicine raised awareness of this unfortunate reality, an emerging theme has gained prominence in the literature on medical error. Fears of blame and punishment, it is often claimed, allow errors to remain undisclosed. Accordingly, modern healthcare must shift away from blame towards a culture of safety in order to effectively reduce the occurrence of error. Against this shift, I argue that it would serve the medical community well to retain notions of individual responsibility and blame in healthcare settings. In particular, expressions of moral emotions − such as guilt, regret and remorse − appear to play an important role in the process of disclosing harmful errors to patients and families. I such selfblaming responses can have negative psychological effects on the individual practitioner, those who take the blame are in the best position to offer apologies and show that mistakes are being taken seriously, thereby allowing harmed patients and families to move forward in the wake of medical error.

(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

A alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna I é

Daniel W Tigard

Abstract

 

Medical errors are all too common. Ever since a report issued by the Institute of Medicine raised awareness of this unfortunate reality, an emerging theme has gained prominence in the literature on medical error. Fears of blame and punishment, it is often claimed, allow errors to remain undisclosed. Accordingly, modern healthcare must shift away from blame towards a culture of safety in order to effectively reduce the occurrence of error. Against this shift, I argue that it would serve the medical community well to retain notions of individual responsibility and blame in healthcare settings. In particular, expressions of moral emotions − such as guilt, regret and remorse − appear to play an important role in the process of disclosing harmful errors to patients and families. I such selfblaming responses can have negative psychological effects on the individual practitioner, those who take the blame are in the best position to offer apologies and show that mistakes are being taken seriously, thereby allowing harmed patients and families to move forward in the wake of medical error.

(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

A melhor tradução para Medical errors are all too common é: