Questões de Inglês

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DO YOU HAVE WHAT IT TAKES?

BASIC REQUIREMENTS

The following is a general but by no means exhaustive overview of the minimum requirements for working with Doctors Without Borders in the field.

PROFESSIONAL WORK EXPERIENCE

A minimum of two years professional work experience is required. Depending on their specialty, we ask that medical doctors have at least a minimum of one year post-residency.

ABILITY TO LIVE AND WORK AS A TEAM

Doctors Without Borders field workers live and work together. The hours are long and the living conditions are basic, with little privacy. Field workers need to be tolerant and flexible and possess solid interpersonal skills. The ability and willingness to interact with people of all nationalities and cultures are critical.

EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Since Doctors Without Borders works most often in developing countries, previous work or travel experience in countries in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, or in remote areas such as the Canadian North, is essential.

ABILITY TO MANAGE STRESS

The environment of any Doctors Without Borders project is often chaotic and volatile and the people we are trying to help may have seemingly overwhelming needs. Even in more stable areas, heavy workloads and a high pressure to respond may be stressful. Field workers must be able to cope with being away from home and family for an extended period in a difficult and unpredictable environment.

FLEXIBILITY

Situations can change quickly in the field, and job descriptions must change accordingly. Team composition and working environments may also change during missions. Flexibility and adaptability are critical to one’s success in a Doctors Without Borders project.

ACTING AS TEACHER AND TRAINER

The willingness and ability to train others is a core expectation of Doctors Without Borders workers. Building the capacity of national staff to become less dependent on outside intervention is an important

goal in any Doctors Without Borders project. This means that the focus is not just in getting the job done, but in teaching others how to do it.

LANGUAGE SKILLS

Language skills are a strong asset. The ability to speak French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic or an African language, as well as English, allows for more opportunities for placement. Preference will be given to candidates who are bilingual in English and French.

PERSONAL REFLECTION

As you consider your suitability to undertake a Doctors Without Borders field mission, it is critical that you bring a well-informed and realistic understanding to your decision: • Do you have the patience to work through the inevitably frustrating communication breakdowns that occur during cross cultural interactions?

• Are you open minded and creative when facing unexpected problems?

• Do you have constructive and readily available means of coping with stress, anxiety and frustration?

• Are you prepared to compromise some of your personal freedom because of security in some areas?

• Have you considered how you will respond in the presence of extreme suffering and deprivation, part of the day-to-day reality of many of the people Doctors Without Borders assists?

• Are you honest about your own motivation for seeking this type of work and realistic in your expectations of what it will be like?

FINAL THOUGHTS

Despite such challenges, thousands of people have worked with Doctors Without Borders over the years and found their experiences in the field to be deeply rewarding, even life-changing. Being a Doctors Without Borders field worker means acting in solidarity with people facing unimaginable medical challenges. Your presence alongside people in times of need sends a profoundly meaningful and human message: “You are not forgotten.” If you are interested in moving forward, please refer to the Application Process.

(MEDICINES SANS FRONTIERES/Doctors Without Borders (website) “Do you have what it takes?” 2 dez.2013. atualizado 26 jun. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/do-you-have-what-it-takes. Acesso em: 28 abril 2020.)

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta, corretamente, o objetivo principal do texto.

Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.

 

One question that I am often asked is “When is someone old?” The more I work in the field of healthy ageing, the more difficulty I have providing an answer. There are, of course, definitions that are used for statistical purposes – the United Nations (UN) has historically adopted 60 years as a cut-off. But the link between chronological age and the health and functional status of an individual is tenuous at best.

And many other factors may have just as significant an influence on an older person’s ability to do the things they value. For example, the attitude of business to employing older people is likely to have a very strong influence on whether they can continue to work. Similarly, the presence of disabled access public transport can help determine whether an older person gets where they want to go, regardless of any functional limitations they may have.

So this is not just a question for statisticians. I am 59 years old and have just welcomed a gorgeous son to my family. I seem to be in pretty good health. Next year my son will be 1 and I will be 60. Will I be old? Increasing numbers of people the world over are likely to ask themselves the same thing. By 2050, the world’s population aged 60 years and older is expected to total 2 billion – up from 841 million today. Eighty per cent of these people will live in what are now low- or middle-income countries.

This is a huge success for public health. But our goal should be for people not just to live longer, but to have healthier, more fulfilling lives.

To achieve this, much will have to change. Unfortunately, the information we have on what might work and what doesn’t is very limited. For example, while we know people are living longer, we do not yet know whether they are living those additional years in good or poor health. It seems likely this will depend considerably on where you live.

We are not simply challenged by knowledge gaps. We are held back by myths that have emerged in an effort to fill these gaps. These often reinforce outdated and “ageist” perspectives on what getting older means for the individual and for society.

One example is the myth that providing health services for an ageing population will necessarily be unaffordable. This does not fit with the evidence which shows that the last 18 months of life place most demand on health systems, regardless of how old you are. And, interestingly, the costs of health care in the last 18 months of life appear to drop significantly when someone reaches 80, when conventional health services are often replaced by different forms of long-term care.

Furthermore, research suggests that while population ageing will certainly lead to an increase in expenditure on health care, the introduction of new technologies and treatments is likely to have a much bigger impact, as is the natural tendency for countries and individuals to spend more on health as they get richer. There are also many inefficiencies in most health systems that have an enormous influence on costs.

It is now becoming clear that the way we design services makes a difference too. Hospitals designed to manage individual diseases separately have much poorer outcomes for older patients than those that provide holistic and coordinated care. This is because as we get older, the health conditions we experience change. Young people may have single, curable disorders, but older people are more likely to experience chronic conditions, and experience more than one of them at a time.

Instead of focusing on making current approaches more affordable, perhaps it would be more useful to invent systems that are not just sustainable but that can better meet these complex health needs. At their core, these systems would centre on the functional capacity and quality of life of the older person. One way of getting there would be greater use of comprehensive health assessments. These can identify all relevant health conditions and risks, but, rather than managing each of these separately, they would take into account underlying problems and prioritize the issues that are most important for the older person, both at that time and for the future.

This holistic starting point could be linked to an interdisciplinary team of providers that spans the full range of services the older person may require including prevention, acute and chronic care and long-term care. Sound too good to be affordable? In fact, research suggests it may not just be better for the older person, but no more expensive for the health system.

A woman who lives near me here in Geneva is a good example of how this can work. She is in her eighties and started to lose weight, become anaemic and look very frail. She also lost a lot of energy. Her family doctor thought she may be getting depressed. It looked like she would require treatments for her depression, iron tablets for her anaemia and nutritional supplements. Her weakness put her at risk of falling and possibly a long and expensive hospital stay. Overall, it seemed like a downward spiral that was likely to result in admission to a nursing home. But a comprehensive assessment identified the real problem was with her teeth. When this was fixed she gained weight and strength, got her old energy back and is now babysitting for her great grandchildren. Ask her if she is old and she will say “heck no”.

(BEARD, John. “We were older then, we are younger now” In: World Health Organization/ Media Centre/Commentary, 6 nov. 2014 (online). Disponível em: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/commentaries/ageing/en/. Acesso em: 1 maio 2020.)

Com base nas expressões sublinhadas no texto, considere as afirmativas a seguir.

 

I. A expressão “It seems likely this will depend considerably on where you live” sugere uma probabilidade.

II. O uso da expressão “at best” na frase indica que a afirmação feita é uma opinião do autor.

III. A utilização da expressão “heck no” para uma resposta atribui ao texto um tom de informalidade e de surpresa com a pergunta feita.

IV. A palavra “ageist” confere grau de superioridade à palavra “age” e se refere às pessoas mais idosas de uma sociedade.

 

Assinale a alternativa correta.

Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.

 

One question that I am often asked is “When is someone old?” The more I work in the field of healthy ageing, the more difficulty I have providing an answer. There are, of course, definitions that are used for statistical purposes – the United Nations (UN) has historically adopted 60 years as a cut-off. But the link between chronological age and the health and functional status of an individual is tenuous at best.

And many other factors may have just as significant an influence on an older person’s ability to do the things they value. For example, the attitude of business to employing older people is likely to have a very strong influence on whether they can continue to work. Similarly, the presence of disabled access public transport can help determine whether an older person gets where they want to go, regardless of any functional limitations they may have.

So this is not just a question for statisticians. I am 59 years old and have just welcomed a gorgeous son to my family. I seem to be in pretty good health. Next year my son will be 1 and I will be 60. Will I be old? Increasing numbers of people the world over are likely to ask themselves the same thing. By 2050, the world’s population aged 60 years and older is expected to total 2 billion – up from 841 million today. Eighty per cent of these people will live in what are now low- or middle-income countries.

This is a huge success for public health. But our goal should be for people not just to live longer, but to have healthier, more fulfilling lives.

To achieve this, much will have to change. Unfortunately, the information we have on what might work and what doesn’t is very limited. For example, while we know people are living longer, we do not yet know whether they are living those additional years in good or poor health. It seems likely this will depend considerably on where you live.

We are not simply challenged by knowledge gaps. We are held back by myths that have emerged in an effort to fill these gaps. These often reinforce outdated and “ageist” perspectives on what getting older means for the individual and for society.

One example is the myth that providing health services for an ageing population will necessarily be unaffordable. This does not fit with the evidence which shows that the last 18 months of life place most demand on health systems, regardless of how old you are. And, interestingly, the costs of health care in the last 18 months of life appear to drop significantly when someone reaches 80, when conventional health services are often replaced by different forms of long-term care.

Furthermore, research suggests that while population ageing will certainly lead to an increase in expenditure on health care, the introduction of new technologies and treatments is likely to have a much bigger impact, as is the natural tendency for countries and individuals to spend more on health as they get richer. There are also many inefficiencies in most health systems that have an enormous influence on costs.

It is now becoming clear that the way we design services makes a difference too. Hospitals designed to manage individual diseases separately have much poorer outcomes for older patients than those that provide holistic and coordinated care. This is because as we get older, the health conditions we experience change. Young people may have single, curable disorders, but older people are more likely to experience chronic conditions, and experience more than one of them at a time.

Instead of focusing on making current approaches more affordable, perhaps it would be more useful to invent systems that are not just sustainable but that can better meet these complex health needs. At their core, these systems would centre on the functional capacity and quality of life of the older person. One way of getting there would be greater use of comprehensive health assessments. These can identify all relevant health conditions and risks, but, rather than managing each of these separately, they would take into account underlying problems and prioritize the issues that are most important for the older person, both at that time and for the future.

This holistic starting point could be linked to an interdisciplinary team of providers that spans the full range of services the older person may require including prevention, acute and chronic care and long-term care. Sound too good to be affordable? In fact, research suggests it may not just be better for the older person, but no more expensive for the health system.

A woman who lives near me here in Geneva is a good example of how this can work. She is in her eighties and started to lose weight, become anaemic and look very frail. She also lost a lot of energy. Her family doctor thought she may be getting depressed. It looked like she would require treatments for her depression, iron tablets for her anaemia and nutritional supplements. Her weakness put her at risk of falling and possibly a long and expensive hospital stay. Overall, it seemed like a downward spiral that was likely to result in admission to a nursing home. But a comprehensive assessment identified the real problem was with her teeth. When this was fixed she gained weight and strength, got her old energy back and is now babysitting for her great grandchildren. Ask her if she is old and she will say “heck no”.

(BEARD, John. “We were older then, we are younger now” In: World Health Organization/ Media Centre/Commentary, 6 nov. 2014 (online). Disponível em: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/commentaries/ageing/en/. Acesso em: 1 maio 2020.)

Com base no texto, considere as afirmativas a seguir.

 

I. Segundo o autor, há um conjunto de fatores, para além da idade cronológicas a ser considerado para classificar alguém como idoso.

II. A saúde bucal dos idosos é, segundo o autor, o fator determinante de sua longevidade.

III. Para o autor, um sistema de saúde que atenda a população idosa é financeiramente insustentável, já que essa parcela da população apresenta doenças crônicas.

IV. O autor afirma que o sistema de saúde para pacientes idosos deveria adotar uma abordagem mais holística e interdisciplinar que visasse à qualidade de vida.

 

Assinale a alternativa correta.

Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.

 

One question that I am often asked is “When is someone old?” The more I work in the field of healthy ageing, the more difficulty I have providing an answer. There are, of course, definitions that are used for statistical purposes – the United Nations (UN) has historically adopted 60 years as a cut-off. But the link between chronological age and the health and functional status of an individual is tenuous at best.

And many other factors may have just as significant an influence on an older person’s ability to do the things they value. For example, the attitude of business to employing older people is likely to have a very strong influence on whether they can continue to work. Similarly, the presence of disabled access public transport can help determine whether an older person gets where they want to go, regardless of any functional limitations they may have.

So this is not just a question for statisticians. I am 59 years old and have just welcomed a gorgeous son to my family. I seem to be in pretty good health. Next year my son will be 1 and I will be 60. Will I be old? Increasing numbers of people the world over are likely to ask themselves the same thing. By 2050, the world’s population aged 60 years and older is expected to total 2 billion – up from 841 million today. Eighty per cent of these people will live in what are now low- or middle-income countries.

This is a huge success for public health. But our goal should be for people not just to live longer, but to have healthier, more fulfilling lives.

To achieve this, much will have to change. Unfortunately, the information we have on what might work and what doesn’t is very limited. For example, while we know people are living longer, we do not yet know whether they are living those additional years in good or poor health. It seems likely this will depend considerably on where you live.

We are not simply challenged by knowledge gaps. We are held back by myths that have emerged in an effort to fill these gaps. These often reinforce outdated and “ageist” perspectives on what getting older means for the individual and for society.

One example is the myth that providing health services for an ageing population will necessarily be unaffordable. This does not fit with the evidence which shows that the last 18 months of life place most demand on health systems, regardless of how old you are. And, interestingly, the costs of health care in the last 18 months of life appear to drop significantly when someone reaches 80, when conventional health services are often replaced by different forms of long-term care.

Furthermore, research suggests that while population ageing will certainly lead to an increase in expenditure on health care, the introduction of new technologies and treatments is likely to have a much bigger impact, as is the natural tendency for countries and individuals to spend more on health as they get richer. There are also many inefficiencies in most health systems that have an enormous influence on costs.

It is now becoming clear that the way we design services makes a difference too. Hospitals designed to manage individual diseases separately have much poorer outcomes for older patients than those that provide holistic and coordinated care. This is because as we get older, the health conditions we experience change. Young people may have single, curable disorders, but older people are more likely to experience chronic conditions, and experience more than one of them at a time.

Instead of focusing on making current approaches more affordable, perhaps it would be more useful to invent systems that are not just sustainable but that can better meet these complex health needs. At their core, these systems would centre on the functional capacity and quality of life of the older person. One way of getting there would be greater use of comprehensive health assessments. These can identify all relevant health conditions and risks, but, rather than managing each of these separately, they would take into account underlying problems and prioritize the issues that are most important for the older person, both at that time and for the future.

This holistic starting point could be linked to an interdisciplinary team of providers that spans the full range of services the older person may require including prevention, acute and chronic care and long-term care. Sound too good to be affordable? In fact, research suggests it may not just be better for the older person, but no more expensive for the health system.

A woman who lives near me here in Geneva is a good example of how this can work. She is in her eighties and started to lose weight, become anaemic and look very frail. She also lost a lot of energy. Her family doctor thought she may be getting depressed. It looked like she would require treatments for her depression, iron tablets for her anaemia and nutritional supplements. Her weakness put her at risk of falling and possibly a long and expensive hospital stay. Overall, it seemed like a downward spiral that was likely to result in admission to a nursing home. But a comprehensive assessment identified the real problem was with her teeth. When this was fixed she gained weight and strength, got her old energy back and is now babysitting for her great grandchildren. Ask her if she is old and she will say “heck no”.

(BEARD, John. “We were older then, we are younger now” In: World Health Organization/ Media Centre/Commentary, 6 nov. 2014 (online). Disponível em: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/commentaries/ageing/en/. Acesso em: 1 maio 2020.)

Sobre as características desse texto, assinale a alternativa correta.

Observe o infográfico a seguir para responder à questão.

Disponivel em: http://eleaminginfographica.com/7-bensits-of-mobiie-lmaming-infographic/. Acesso em. 27 out. 2020.

 

According the information expressed in the image and data, 7 Benefits of Mobile Learning, we verify that mLearning

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Water on the Moon could sustain a lunar base

 

    Having dropped tantalizing hints days ago about an "exciting new discovery about the Moon", the US space
agency has revealed conclusive evidence of water on our only natural satellite. And this "unambiguous detection
of molecular water" will boost Nasa's hopes of establishing a lunar base.
    The aim is to sustain that base by tapping into the Moon's natural resources. The findings have been
published as two papers in the journal Nature Astronomy. Unlike previous detections of water in permanently
shadowed parts of lunar craters, scientists have now detected the molecule in sunlit regions of the Moon's
surface.
    Speaking during a virtual teleconference, co-author Casey Honniball, postdoctoral fellow at Nasa's Goddard
Space Flight Center in Maryland, said: "The amount of water is roughly equivalent to a 12-ounce bottle of water in
a cubic metre of lunar soil." Her Nasa colleague Jacob Bleacher, from the agency's human exploration directorate,
said researchers still needed to understand the nature of the watery deposits. This would help them determine
how accessible they would be for future lunar explorers to use.
    And while there have previously been signs of water on the lunar surface, these new discoveries suggest it
is more abundant than previously thought. "It gives us more options for potential water sources on the Moon," said
Hannah Sargeant, a planetary scientist from the Open University in Milton Keynes, on BBC News.
    The first of these new discoveries was made from an airborne infrared telescope known as Sofia. This
observatory, on board a modified Boeing 747, flies above much of Earth's atmosphere, giving a largely
unobstructed view of the Solar System.
    Using this infrared telescope, researchers picked up the "signature" colour of water molecules. The
researchers think it is stored in bubbles of lunar glass or between grains on the surface that protect it from the
harsh environment. In the other study, scientists looked for permanently shadowed areas - known as cold traps -
where water could be captured and remain permanently. They found these cold traps at both poles and concluded
that approximately 40,000 kilometres squared of the lunar surface has the capacity to trap water.
    What does this discovery mean? According to Dr Sargeant this discovery mean that this could broaden the
list of places where we might want to build a lunar base. There are quite a few one-off missions to the Moon's
polar regions coming up in the next few years. In the longer term, there are plans to build a permanent habitation
on the lunar surface.
    “We were going to go to the Moon anyway”, said the Open University researcher. This study gives Nasa
some time to do some investigation, but it doesn't give it much time because and the US space agency is already
working on Moon base ideas and where they are going to go and it is promising.
    Experts say that water-ice could form the basis of a future lunar economy, once we've figured out how to
extract it. Definitely, it would be much cheaper to make rocket fuel on the Moon than send it from Earth. So when
future lunar explorers want to return to Earth, or travel on to other destinations, they could turn the water into the
hydrogen and oxygen commonly used to power space vehicles.
    Re-fuelling at the Moon could therefore bring down the cost of space travel and make a lunar base more
affordable and a potential lunar settlement is on the way to become into a reality.

Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54666328. Acesso em: 27 out. 2020.

Analisando-se os aspectos linguísticos da língua inglesa presentes no texto, constata-se que