Questões de Inglês

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    The poet Dylan Thomas wrote that one should
not go gently into that good night, that old age
should burn and rage at close of day. As a younger
man reading that poem, I saw futility in those
[5] words. I saw aging only as a failing: a falling of
the body, of the mind, and even of the spirit. Isaw
my grandfather suffer aches and pains. Once
agile and proudly self-sufficient, by his sixties he
struggled to swing a hammer and was unable to
[10] read a label on a box of Triscuit crackers without
his glasses. I listened as my grandmother forgot
words, and I cried when eventually she forgot
what year it was.

    At work, I watched as people neared retirement
[15] age, the spark gone from their eyes, the hope from
their smiles, counting the days until they could
walk away from 1t all, yet with only the vaguest
plans about what they would do once they had so
much free time, all day, every day. But as I've
[20] grown older myself, and have spent more time
with people who are 1n the last quarter of their
lives, I've seen a different side of aging. My
parents are now 1n their mideighties and are as
engaged with life as they have ever been,
[25] immersed in social interactions, spiritual
pursuits, hiking, and nature, and even starting
new professional projects.

Adapted from LEVITIN, Daniel. Sucessful aging: a neuroscientist explores the power and potential of our lives. New York: Dutton, 2020.

Babies” Invisible Knowledge

    On the surface, what could be more destitute

of knowledge than a newborn?

    What could be more reasonable than to think,
as Locke did, that the infant's mind is a “blank
[5] slate” simply waiting for the environment to fillits
empty pages? Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78)
strove to drive this point home In his treatise Emile,
or On Education (1762): “We are born capable of
learning, but knowing nothing, perceiving
[10] nothing.” Almost two centuries later, Alan Turing,
the father of contemporary computer science, took
up the hypothesis: “Presumably the child brain 1s
something like a notebook as one buys 1t from the
stationer's. Rather little mechanism, and lots of
[15] blank sheets.”

    We now know that this view 1s dead
wrong—nothing could be further from the truth.
Appearances can be deceiving: despite ts
immaturity, the nascent brain already possesses
[20] considerable knowledge inherited from 1ts long
evolutionary history. For the most part, however,
this knowledge remains invisible, because 1t does
not show 1n babies” primitive behavior. It therefore
took cognitive scientists much ingenuity and
[25] significant methodological advances in order to
expose the vast repertoire of abilities all babies are
born with. Objects, numbers, probabilities, faces,
language: the scope of babies” prior knowledge 1s
extensive.

Adapted fram: DEHAENE, S. How we learn: Why our brain learns better thanany machine... fornow. New York: Viking, 2020, p. 27

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Being yourself at work

    When Danielle Vinales, a 24-year-old university employee working in the US state of Virginia, transitioned to remote work in March, she noticed something striking about herself: she talked with her hands. Seeing herself on video-conferencing calls, the Miami native became aware of how her speech and actions made her stand out as distinctly Latina in contrast to her colleagues. She was suddenly self-conscious of her mannerisms and accent in a way she hadn’t been before. Whenever she would see her hands go up in her tiny Zoom window, it would be a visual reminder to tone it down. Vinales consciously decided to restrict her hand gesture.

    What Vinales did is an example of ‘code-switching’. The term, coined in the 1950s, was originally intended to describe the way bilingual individuals switched between languages and corresponding identities. It has since evolved to refer to the way people adjust and adapt their behaviour, appearance and language to avoid highlighting negative stereotypes in school and work environments. Conforming may mean putting on a persona that’s more ‘compatible’ with the environment more likable or relatable, thus more likely to succeed.

    Covid-19 has changed the way nearly everyone works, which means that code-switching is also evolving. The use of video conferencing has blurred the border between ‘private’ or ‘office’ spaces. “There are new ways of code-switching in remote work environments, like using virtual backgrounds or turning your camera off,” says professor Courtney McCluney, from Cornell University. Before the pandemic, McCluney continues, offices that were entirely virtual were more likely to emphasise employees embracing their true selves. Without physically walking into an office every day, these remote workers didn’t have to be as ‘on’ and “were code-switching less,” she says. 

     For Vinales, the switch to remote allowed her to be more candid; seeing her boss on camera — in her home, with her kids in the background — made Vinales more confident about disclosing her insecurities. She felt her boss was letting her colleagues in, and it empowered her to do the same. She feels that her need to code-switch has drastically decreased and now, while working from home, she’s making more of an effort to connect with her colleagues on a personal level. And more importantly, it’s allowed her to feel more herself.

(Chika Ekemezie. www.bbc.com, 21.01.2021. Adaptado.)

Leia o texto para responder à questão

Being yourself at work

    When Danielle Vinales, a 24-year-old university employee working in the US state of Virginia, transitioned to remote work in March, she noticed something striking about herself: she talked with her hands. Seeing herself on video-conferencing calls, the Miami native became aware of how her speech and actions made her stand out as distinctly Latina in contrast to her colleagues. She was suddenly self-conscious of her mannerisms and accent in a way she hadn’t been before. Whenever she would see her hands go up in her tiny Zoom window, it would be a visual reminder to tone it down. Vinales consciously decided to restrict her hand gesture.

    What Vinales did is an example of ‘code-switching’. The term, coined in the 1950s, was originally intended to describe the way bilingual individuals switched between languages and corresponding identities. It has since evolved to refer to the way people adjust and adapt their behaviour, appearance and language to avoid highlighting negative stereotypes in school and work environments. Conforming may mean putting on a persona that’s more ‘compatible’ with the environment more likable or relatable, thus more likely to succeed.

    Covid-19 has changed the way nearly everyone works, which means that code-switching is also evolving. The use of video conferencing has blurred the border between ‘private’ or ‘office’ spaces. “There are new ways of code-switching in remote work environments, like using virtual backgrounds or turning your camera off,” says professor Courtney McCluney, from Cornell University. Before the pandemic, McCluney continues, offices that were entirely virtual were more likely to emphasise employees embracing their true selves. Without physically walking into an office every day, these remote workers didn’t have to be as ‘on’ and “were code-switching less,” she says. 

     For Vinales, the switch to remote allowed her to be more candid; seeing her boss on camera — in her home, with her kids in the background — made Vinales more confident about disclosing her insecurities. She felt her boss was letting her colleagues in, and it empowered her to do the same. She feels that her need to code-switch has drastically decreased and now, while working from home, she’s making more of an effort to connect with her colleagues on a personal level. And more importantly, it’s allowed her to feel more herself.

(Chika Ekemezie. www.bbc.com, 21.01.2021. Adaptado.)

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