Questões de Inglês

THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH

 

I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such
knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.
[5] I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of
overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and
understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are
[10] needed for a patient's recovery.
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know.
Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks.
But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great
humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.
[15] I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness
may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I
am to care adequately for the sick.
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings,
[20] those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection
thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience
the joy of healing those who seek my help.
Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used
[25] in many medical schools today.

(Source: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html - retrieved on September 24, 2021)

What meaning do the words "outweigh" (line 8) and "frailty" (line 14) respectively give to the sentences in which they are inserted?

Analyse the joke below and mark the alternative that explains one of the possible meanings of its punch line.

After reading Text, choose the alternative which contains the words that correctly complete the blanks without changing the main idea of the text.

 

Text

 

Chinese Companies Use Facial Recognition to Remove Children Who Have Reached Gaming Limit

BY MARY ELLEN CAGNASSOLA

 

The Chinese government has imposed new restrictions limiting children to an hour of online gaming time between 8 and 9 p.m. Friday, Saturday and Sunday most weeks, the Associated Press reported. Previously, 2019 regulations banned children (1) _______ gaming overnight and limited them to 90 minutes of game time most weekdays. The new rules, implemented in early September, are a (2) _______ of the previous gaming limits. The government hopes to keep its youth (3) _______ spending too much time on entertainment that the communist government deems unhealthy. [...] "Adolescents are the future of the motherland, and protecting the physical and mental health of minors is (4) _______ the vital interests of masses, and in cultivating newcomers in the era of national rejuvenation," the Press and Publications Administration said in a statement, alluding to a campaign by Chinese President Xi Jinping to cultivate a healthier society for a more powerful China.[...] The technology restrictions reflect growing concern over gaming addiction (5) _______ children. One state media outlet has called online games "spiritual opium," an allusion to past eras when addiction (6) _______ the drug was widespread in China. [....] Companies have set up real-name registration systems to prevent young users from (7) _______ their game time limits, and have incorporated facial recognition checks that require users to verify their identities. In some cases, companies will do sporadic facial recognition checks while people are playing, and they'll be booted out of the game if they (8) _______. Regulators also ordered gaming companies to tighten examination of their games to (9) _______ they don't include harmful content such as violence. And they've set up a platform that allows people who hold Chinese ID cards to report on gaming companies they believe are (10) _______ restrictions. [...]

(Source: https://www.newsweek.com/chinese-companies-use-facial-recognition-remove-children-who-have-reached-gaming-limit1630889 - retrieved on September 20, 2021 - adapted)

Based on the advertisement below, which alternative best explains the meaning of the word "Dispensary"?

(Source: https ://myedmondsnews comwp-content'uploada/20 15/02/Bastyr-ad-300x250 jpg « ratrievad on September 20, 2021)

Texto - Chile’s Atacama Desert: Where Fast Fashion Goes to Die.

 

    Deep in the Atacama Desert of Chile, new dunes are forming - not of sand, but of last year’s unsold clothing from around the world. Piled high atop the previous year’s fast fashion casualties and unpurchased lines of clothes, the garments are usually filled with toxins and dyes and do not biodegrade. The result: a fast fashion faux-pas and environmental disaster that’s been largely overlooked - until now.

 

    Aljazeera estimated that up to 59,000 tons of clothes that can’t be sold in the U.S. or Europe end up at the Iquique port in the Alto Hospicio free zone in northern Chile each year. These are meant for resale in Latin America, but only 20,000 tons actually make their way around the continent. What doesn’t get sold in Santiago or smuggled and shipped to other countries stays in the free zone. It’s no one’s responsibility to clean up and no one will pay the necessary tariffs to take it away, Aljazeera reported.

 

    (...)

 

    While the human externalities of rampant consumerism - with child labor and horrible conditions in factories - are well documented, the environmental cost is less publicized and less understood. The truth, though, is that fast fashion uses an outrageous amount of water - something to the tune of 7,500 liters for one pair of jeans, a United Nations news report found. This is the equivalent amount of water that an average person drinks over seven years, the international body noted. In total, UNCTAD estimates that the fashion industry uses roughly 93 billion cubic meters of water each year, enough to quench the thirst of five million people.

 

    "When we think of industries that are having a harmful effect on the environment, manufacturing, energy, transport and even food production might come to mind," the U.N. news report said. "But the fashion industry is widely believed to be the second most polluting industry in the world- right behind big oil.

 

(...)

 

    Factories also often dump chemicals from manufacturing into local waterways and rivers, turning them toxic and polluting communities downstream. This is particularly bad in places like Bangladesh and Indonesia, known as cheap textile manufacturing hubs. "We are committing hydrocide," said Sunita Narain, director general of Center for Science and the Environment in India, about the dirty practice. "We are deliberately murdering our rivers."

 

    In 2017, a documentary on the pollution of waterways caused by fast fashion found that tanneries were dumping toxic chromium into the water supply in Kanpur, India. The chemical then ended up in cow’s milk and agriculture products.

 

    All of that environmental cost doesn’t even account for end-of-life pollution created by clothes. Unsold clothes are usually burned, buried or trucked to Chile. In all these scenarios, toxins contained in the garments are released into the air and underground water channels, Aljazeera reported. As noted above, the colors, sequins and other accouterments that make the clothes the style of the minute also usually create environmental harms when chemicals leach and the garments fail to biodegrade.

 

    All of that environmental cost doesn’t even account for end-of-life pollution created by clothes. Unsold clothes are usually burned, buried or trucked to Chile. In all these scenarios, toxins contained in the garments are released into the air and underground water channels, Aljazeera reported. As noted above, the colors, sequins and other accouterments that make the clothes the style of the minute also usually create environmental harms when chemicals leach and the garments fail to biodegrade.

 

(...)

 

    Analysis shows a continued rise in consumerism. McKinsey estimated that the average consumer purchased 60% more clothes in 2014 than in 2000, Insider reported. That aligns with the doubling in clothing production between 2004 and 2019 that the Ellen McArthur Foundation found, the news report added.

 

    "We need a model that doesn’t compromise on ethical, social and environmental values and involves customers, rather than encouraging them to binge buy ever-changing trends," Greenpeace noted as part of their Detox My Fashion campaign in Greenpeace Italy

 

    Instead of changing our wardrobes and styles with the whims and attitudes of fast fashion, experts encourage us to slow down our desire for more. Manufacturers are also encouraged to create pieces that are meant to last and endure and to embrace truly sustainable practices. Shifts and innovations in dyeing and in fiber choice can help. As consumers and manufacturers, only by changing our mindsets instead of our outfits will we be able to effect actual change.

 

    Until then, toxic dunes in Chile’s desert will continue to grow.

Adapted from: https://www.ecowatch.com/chile-desert-fast-fashion-2655551898.html. Accessed on 14/02/2022

Uma possível solução para diminuir o descarte de roupas é:

Texto - Chile’s Atacama Desert: Where Fast Fashion Goes to Die.

 

    Deep in the Atacama Desert of Chile, new dunes are forming - not of sand, but of last year’s unsold clothing from around the world. Piled high atop the previous year’s fast fashion casualties and unpurchased lines of clothes, the garments are usually filled with toxins and dyes and do not biodegrade. The result: a fast fashion faux-pas and environmental disaster that’s been largely overlooked - until now.

 

    Aljazeera estimated that up to 59,000 tons of clothes that can’t be sold in the U.S. or Europe end up at the Iquique port in the Alto Hospicio free zone in northern Chile each year. These are meant for resale in Latin America, but only 20,000 tons actually make their way around the continent. What doesn’t get sold in Santiago or smuggled and shipped to other countries stays in the free zone. It’s no one’s responsibility to clean up and no one will pay the necessary tariffs to take it away, Aljazeera reported.

 

    (...)

 

    While the human externalities of rampant consumerism - with child labor and horrible conditions in factories - are well documented, the environmental cost is less publicized and less understood. The truth, though, is that fast fashion uses an outrageous amount of water - something to the tune of 7,500 liters for one pair of jeans, a United Nations news report found. This is the equivalent amount of water that an average person drinks over seven years, the international body noted. In total, UNCTAD estimates that the fashion industry uses roughly 93 billion cubic meters of water each year, enough to quench the thirst of five million people.

 

    "When we think of industries that are having a harmful effect on the environment, manufacturing, energy, transport and even food production might come to mind," the U.N. news report said. "But the fashion industry is widely believed to be the second most polluting industry in the world- right behind big oil.

 

(...)

 

    Factories also often dump chemicals from manufacturing into local waterways and rivers, turning them toxic and polluting communities downstream. This is particularly bad in places like Bangladesh and Indonesia, known as cheap textile manufacturing hubs. "We are committing hydrocide," said Sunita Narain, director general of Center for Science and the Environment in India, about the dirty practice. "We are deliberately murdering our rivers."

 

    In 2017, a documentary on the pollution of waterways caused by fast fashion found that tanneries were dumping toxic chromium into the water supply in Kanpur, India. The chemical then ended up in cow’s milk and agriculture products.

 

    All of that environmental cost doesn’t even account for end-of-life pollution created by clothes. Unsold clothes are usually burned, buried or trucked to Chile. In all these scenarios, toxins contained in the garments are released into the air and underground water channels, Aljazeera reported. As noted above, the colors, sequins and other accouterments that make the clothes the style of the minute also usually create environmental harms when chemicals leach and the garments fail to biodegrade.

 

    All of that environmental cost doesn’t even account for end-of-life pollution created by clothes. Unsold clothes are usually burned, buried or trucked to Chile. In all these scenarios, toxins contained in the garments are released into the air and underground water channels, Aljazeera reported. As noted above, the colors, sequins and other accouterments that make the clothes the style of the minute also usually create environmental harms when chemicals leach and the garments fail to biodegrade.

 

(...)

 

    Analysis shows a continued rise in consumerism. McKinsey estimated that the average consumer purchased 60% more clothes in 2014 than in 2000, Insider reported. That aligns with the doubling in clothing production between 2004 and 2019 that the Ellen McArthur Foundation found, the news report added.

 

    "We need a model that doesn’t compromise on ethical, social and environmental values and involves customers, rather than encouraging them to binge buy ever-changing trends," Greenpeace noted as part of their Detox My Fashion campaign in Greenpeace Italy

 

    Instead of changing our wardrobes and styles with the whims and attitudes of fast fashion, experts encourage us to slow down our desire for more. Manufacturers are also encouraged to create pieces that are meant to last and endure and to embrace truly sustainable practices. Shifts and innovations in dyeing and in fiber choice can help. As consumers and manufacturers, only by changing our mindsets instead of our outfits will we be able to effect actual change.

 

    Until then, toxic dunes in Chile’s desert will continue to grow.

Adapted from: https://www.ecowatch.com/chile-desert-fast-fashion-2655551898.html. Accessed on 14/02/2022

De 2004 a 2019, a produção de roupas: