Questões de Inglês

TEXTO:

 

Scientists are one step closer to delaying aging By Amy Woodyatt, CNN

Updated 2305 GMT (0705 HKT) July 21, 2020

 

    (CNN)Getting old is inevitable, but scientists at
the University of California San Diego (UCSD) may
be one step closer to being able to delay the aging
process.
[5]     A team of scientists studied aging in yeast —
chosen because its cells are easily manipulated — to
try to understand if different cells age at the same rate,
and for the same reason.
    What they found was intriguing. Even cells
[10] made of the same genetic materials and within the
same environment aged in "strikingly distinct ways,"
according to the scientists, who published their
findings in the journal Science.
    About half of the yeast cells aged because of a
[15] gradual decline in the nucleolus, a round body located
in the nucleus of a cell, the scientists learned, by
using techniques including microfluidics and computer
modeling.
    However, the other half aged because of a
[20] dysfunction of mitochondria, which produce a cell's
energy.
    Scientists said that the cells go down one of two
paths — nuclear or mitochondrial — early in life, and
they continue with the aging route until they ultimately
[25] decline and die.
    Researchers performed further tests to
understand how the cells behaved.
    "To understand how cells make these decisions,
we identified the molecular processes underlying
[30] each aging route and the connections among them,
revealing a molecular circuit that controls cell aging,
analogous to electric circuits that control home
appliances," said Nan Hao, senior author of the study
and an associate professor in UCSD's division of
[35] biological sciences' molecular biology section.
    After modeling the "aging landscape," the team
of researchers found they could manipulate — and
optimize — the process of aging, using computer
simulations to reprogram the master circuit and modify
[40] its DNA.
    They were then able to create a "novel aging
route," with a dramatically extended lifespan. This,
researchers believe, could ultimately lead to the
possibility of delaying human aging.
[45]     "This is an aging path that never existed, but
because we understand how it is regulated, we can
basically design or a new aging path," Hao.

Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/21/health/slowaging-intl-scli-scn/index.html. Acesso em: 6 out 2021.

Aditional tests allowed scientists to find out that

The brain’s ability to think, reason, and perceive all arises from an intricate web of connections among billions of cells. The connections that develop during infancy and childhood — periods of remarkable brain growth — can have lasting effects on learning and health.

Compared to other animals, we’re born with less developed brains, and they take longer to fully mature. Squirrel monkeys, for example, reach their adult brain size when they’re just six months old. One advantage of having such a protracted period of brain development is that our developing brains are more easily shaped by environment and experience, which helps us adapt and thrive in our unique environment.

The most sensitive windows of brain development are known as critical periods. During these times, sensory stimulation, motor activity, and even emotions shape the brain as it grows, wires, and learns. The period shortly after birth is one such window. A baby’s early life experiences — seeing parents’ faces, hearing their voices, and being held — provide important sensory information that guides its developing brain pathways.

Genes and environment both exert strong influences during critical periods. Together, they shape the neural circuits driving learning and behavior. One part of that process is forming new connections, or synapses, between neurons. Another is synaptic pruning, which removes weaker connections between cells.

Even the death of some neurons helps the brain develop properly. Changes in neural connections during critical periods coincide with high rates of learning. Think of a baby learning to walk or a toddler learning language.

Understanding brain development is changing how we think about brain disorders and treatment. Some diseases emerging in teens and adults may have their roots in how the brain developed early in life. Schizophrenia, for example, is often thought of as an adult disorder because it typically emerges in the mid-20s. But newer research suggests it might arise because connections didn’t form properly in the developing brain. Other research suggests genes governing brain development could play a role in a person’s susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders. And, growing knowledge of how neurons form and wire up in young brains could guide treatments for brain injury. Once the stuff of science fiction, the idea of regrowing damaged neurons or pathways is getting closer to reality. Knowing how the brain was first constructed is an essential step toward understanding its later ability to reorganize and bounce back from injuries.

Available at: https://www.brainfacts.org. Accessed on: Aug 30, 2021.

According to the text, latest research findings indicate that

TEXTO:

 

Scientists are one step closer to delaying aging By Amy Woodyatt, CNN

Updated 2305 GMT (0705 HKT) July 21, 2020

 

    (CNN)Getting old is inevitable, but scientists at
the University of California San Diego (UCSD) may
be one step closer to being able to delay the aging
process.
[5]     A team of scientists studied aging in yeast —
chosen because its cells are easily manipulated — to
try to understand if different cells age at the same rate,
and for the same reason.
    What they found was intriguing. Even cells
[10] made of the same genetic materials and within the
same environment aged in "strikingly distinct ways,"
according to the scientists, who published their
findings in the journal Science.
    About half of the yeast cells aged because of a
[15] gradual decline in the nucleolus, a round body located
in the nucleus of a cell, the scientists learned, by
using techniques including microfluidics and computer
modeling.
    However, the other half aged because of a
[20] dysfunction of mitochondria, which produce a cell's
energy.
    Scientists said that the cells go down one of two
paths — nuclear or mitochondrial — early in life, and
they continue with the aging route until they ultimately
[25] decline and die.
    Researchers performed further tests to
understand how the cells behaved.
    "To understand how cells make these decisions,
we identified the molecular processes underlying
[30] each aging route and the connections among them,
revealing a molecular circuit that controls cell aging,
analogous to electric circuits that control home
appliances," said Nan Hao, senior author of the study
and an associate professor in UCSD's division of
[35] biological sciences' molecular biology section.
    After modeling the "aging landscape," the team
of researchers found they could manipulate — and
optimize — the process of aging, using computer
simulations to reprogram the master circuit and modify
[40] its DNA.
    They were then able to create a "novel aging
route," with a dramatically extended lifespan. This,
researchers believe, could ultimately lead to the
possibility of delaying human aging.
[45]     "This is an aging path that never existed, but
because we understand how it is regulated, we can
basically design or a new aging path," Hao.

Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/21/health/slowaging-intl-scli-scn/index.html. Acesso em: 6 out 2021.

Scientists have discovered that

TEXTO:

 

Scientists are one step closer to delaying aging By Amy Woodyatt, CNN

Updated 2305 GMT (0705 HKT) July 21, 2020

 

    (CNN)Getting old is inevitable, but scientists at
the University of California San Diego (UCSD) may
be one step closer to being able to delay the aging
process.
[5]     A team of scientists studied aging in yeast —
chosen because its cells are easily manipulated — to
try to understand if different cells age at the same rate,
and for the same reason.
    What they found was intriguing. Even cells
[10] made of the same genetic materials and within the
same environment aged in "strikingly distinct ways,"
according to the scientists, who published their
findings in the journal Science.
    About half of the yeast cells aged because of a
[15] gradual decline in the nucleolus, a round body located
in the nucleus of a cell, the scientists learned, by
using techniques including microfluidics and computer
modeling.
    However, the other half aged because of a
[20] dysfunction of mitochondria, which produce a cell's
energy.
    Scientists said that the cells go down one of two
paths — nuclear or mitochondrial — early in life, and
they continue with the aging route until they ultimately
[25] decline and die.
    Researchers performed further tests to
understand how the cells behaved.
    "To understand how cells make these decisions,
we identified the molecular processes underlying
[30] each aging route and the connections among them,
revealing a molecular circuit that controls cell aging,
analogous to electric circuits that control home
appliances," said Nan Hao, senior author of the study
and an associate professor in UCSD's division of
[35] biological sciences' molecular biology section.
    After modeling the "aging landscape," the team
of researchers found they could manipulate — and
optimize — the process of aging, using computer
simulations to reprogram the master circuit and modify
[40] its DNA.
    They were then able to create a "novel aging
route," with a dramatically extended lifespan. This,
researchers believe, could ultimately lead to the
possibility of delaying human aging.
[45]     "This is an aging path that never existed, but
because we understand how it is regulated, we can
basically design or a new aging path," Hao.

Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/21/health/slowaging-intl-scli-scn/index.html. Acesso em: 6 out 2021.

According to the text, it is correct to state that

TEXTO:

 

Scientists are one step closer to delaying aging By Amy Woodyatt, CNN

Updated 2305 GMT (0705 HKT) July 21, 2020

 

    (CNN)Getting old is inevitable, but scientists at
the University of California San Diego (UCSD) may
be one step closer to being able to delay the aging
process.
[5]     A team of scientists studied aging in yeast —
chosen because its cells are easily manipulated — to
try to understand if different cells age at the same rate,
and for the same reason.
    What they found was intriguing. Even cells
[10] made of the same genetic materials and within the
same environment aged in "strikingly distinct ways,"
according to the scientists, who published their
findings in the journal Science.
    About half of the yeast cells aged because of a
[15] gradual decline in the nucleolus, a round body located
in the nucleus of a cell, the scientists learned, by
using techniques including microfluidics and computer
modeling.
    However, the other half aged because of a
[20] dysfunction of mitochondria, which produce a cell's
energy.
    Scientists said that the cells go down one of two
paths — nuclear or mitochondrial — early in life, and
they continue with the aging route until they ultimately
[25] decline and die.
    Researchers performed further tests to
understand how the cells behaved.
    "To understand how cells make these decisions,
we identified the molecular processes underlying
[30] each aging route and the connections among them,
revealing a molecular circuit that controls cell aging,
analogous to electric circuits that control home
appliances," said Nan Hao, senior author of the study
and an associate professor in UCSD's division of
[35] biological sciences' molecular biology section.
    After modeling the "aging landscape," the team
of researchers found they could manipulate — and
optimize — the process of aging, using computer
simulations to reprogram the master circuit and modify
[40] its DNA.
    They were then able to create a "novel aging
route," with a dramatically extended lifespan. This,
researchers believe, could ultimately lead to the
possibility of delaying human aging.
[45]     "This is an aging path that never existed, but
because we understand how it is regulated, we can
basically design or a new aging path," Hao.

Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/21/health/slowaging-intl-scli-scn/index.html. Acesso em: 6 out 2021.

From the title of the text, you can infer that

Read the cartoon.

The doctor asked the patient what fitted better into his busy schedule. What does the verb to fit mean, in this context?