Questões de Inglês

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Agricultural economists study the effect of the ‘warm glow of giving’

 

    More and more products carry ethical labels such as fair-trade or organic, which consumers usually view positively. Nevertheless, the sales figures of these products often remain low, even though they offer advantages for the environment or for society. A team of scientists from the University of Göttingen has investigated to what extent factors which affect consumers’ own benefit ― such as the so-called “Warm Glow of Giving” ― influence consumers’ purchasing intentions. The “warm glow” is the personal benefit that people feel when they do good. The results were published in the Journal of Cleaner Production, an international scientific publication which covers environmental and sustainable research and practice.

    The researchers from the working group “Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products” at the University of Göttingen studied how two groups — one from Germany and one from the United Kingdom ― make virtual purchasing decisions. Each group consisted of around 450 consumers. Chocolate was available, which differed in terms of price, country of origin of the cocoa, and country of manufacture, as well as the ethical claims made. The claims were: organic, fair-trade and CO₂ -neutral. There was also an alternative which did not make any claims. Consumers then answered questions about their purchasing intentions, values and feelings when buying.

    The result: in both countries the price is the most important decision criterion, followed by the ethical claims and the country of manufacture. In addition, the “warm glow” has a comparatively large influence on the purchasing intention ― the prospect of getting a good feeling clearly attracts many consumers to buy products which make ethical claims. But the intention is often not put into practice: during the actual decision to buy, the influence of the “warm glow” is only relevant for fair-trade chocolate. The researchers assume that this is partly due to the strong association with the common good of the fair-trade label, which supports farmers in developing countries. “Other studies have shown that consumers also associate positive health aspects with organic food,” says Sarah Iweala, first author of the study and doctoral student in the “Global Food” research training group. “Of course, this dilutes the label’s association with the common good.”

    In addition, the degree of recognition of the logo seems to be important. Although consumers indicated that they felt good when they reduced their CO₂ footprint, this good feeling did not lead them to choose the CO₂ neutral product. This can be explained by the low profile of this particular ethical logo. In both countries, less than 20 percent of the participants stated that they had already seen “carbon neutral” branding while shopping. In contrast, over 90 percent of consumers were aware of the fair-trade logo. “If consumers don’t know what a label stands for, they can’t feel good about it when they shop and so it can’t become a deciding factor in their shopping choices,” says Professor Achim Spiller, Head of the working group “Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products.”

(www.sciencedaily.com. 22.03.2019. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o segundo parágrafo, os pesquisadores

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Agricultural economists study the effect of the ‘warm glow of giving’

 

    More and more products carry ethical labels such as fair-trade or organic, which consumers usually view positively. Nevertheless, the sales figures of these products often remain low, even though they offer advantages for the environment or for society. A team of scientists from the University of Göttingen has investigated to what extent factors which affect consumers’ own benefit ― such as the so-called “Warm Glow of Giving” ― influence consumers’ purchasing intentions. The “warm glow” is the personal benefit that people feel when they do good. The results were published in the Journal of Cleaner Production, an international scientific publication which covers environmental and sustainable research and practice.

    The researchers from the working group “Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products” at the University of Göttingen studied how two groups — one from Germany and one from the United Kingdom ― make virtual purchasing decisions. Each group consisted of around 450 consumers. Chocolate was available, which differed in terms of price, country of origin of the cocoa, and country of manufacture, as well as the ethical claims made. The claims were: organic, fair-trade and CO₂ -neutral. There was also an alternative which did not make any claims. Consumers then answered questions about their purchasing intentions, values and feelings when buying.

    The result: in both countries the price is the most important decision criterion, followed by the ethical claims and the country of manufacture. In addition, the “warm glow” has a comparatively large influence on the purchasing intention ― the prospect of getting a good feeling clearly attracts many consumers to buy products which make ethical claims. But the intention is often not put into practice: during the actual decision to buy, the influence of the “warm glow” is only relevant for fair-trade chocolate. The researchers assume that this is partly due to the strong association with the common good of the fair-trade label, which supports farmers in developing countries. “Other studies have shown that consumers also associate positive health aspects with organic food,” says Sarah Iweala, first author of the study and doctoral student in the “Global Food” research training group. “Of course, this dilutes the label’s association with the common good.”

    In addition, the degree of recognition of the logo seems to be important. Although consumers indicated that they felt good when they reduced their CO₂ footprint, this good feeling did not lead them to choose the CO₂ neutral product. This can be explained by the low profile of this particular ethical logo. In both countries, less than 20 percent of the participants stated that they had already seen “carbon neutral” branding while shopping. In contrast, over 90 percent of consumers were aware of the fair-trade logo. “If consumers don’t know what a label stands for, they can’t feel good about it when they shop and so it can’t become a deciding factor in their shopping choices,” says Professor Achim Spiller, Head of the working group “Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products.”

(www.sciencedaily.com. 22.03.2019. Adaptado.)

The excerpt from the first paragraph that explains what the “Warm Glow of Giving” means is

Which option completes the dialogue below correctly?

Paul: How                   money do you have?

Peter: I don't have                   money.

Which option completes the text below correctly”?

 

Safety Instructions for Ultraviolet (UV) Equipment

 

-_______ appropriate personal protective equipment (safety glasses, UV-blocking face shield, gloves).

-_______ exposed skin.

-_______UV emitters and radiated surfaces.

(Adapted from https: //www .heraeus.com)

Mark the correct option to complete the dialogue.

Anna: ___________from England?

John: Two days ago.

Read the text below and answer question.

 

Why some people find it easier to stick to new habits they formed during lockdown

November 24, 2020

 

    Periods of lockdown represent a massive disruption to people's daily routines, but they also offer an opportunity to establish new habits. 

    Our research focus is on what motivates people to change their behaviour, particularly when it comes to physical activity routines.

    We compared the levels of physical activity of New Zealanders before and during the country's major lockdown between March and May. Ve found 38.5% of our sample were doing more physical activity than they did prior to lockdown. But 36% did less and 25.5% were doing about the same.

    More interesting was that people whose physical activity was either below or at the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended guideline of 150 minutes of moderate activity per week increased their activity, while those who were highly active pre-lockdown did less.

 

Understanding motivation

 

    Approved lockdown activities specifically allowed physical activity as long as people stayed in their local neighbourhood. 

    Our study shows 23% of participants decided to increase their physical activity to improve their physical and mental health. Both the New Zealand government and the WHO emphasised the link between exercise and health and our results back it up - being physically active during lockdown was associated with greater self-reported psychological well-being.

    Motivation is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon. There are different types of motivation and each has a different influence on how likely a person is to change their behaviour and to maintain a new habit.

    Someone who enjoys being active and sees the value of it experiences what is called autonomous motivation. This provides a strong impetus for people to continue being active in the long term.

    In contrast, someone who is active because they feel they have to be (for example, their GP told them they need to improve a health condition) or to avoid feeling guilty about not getting enough exercise is experiencing controlled motivation.

    Our results show that, during lockdown, people's levels of physical activity were associated with autonomous motivation, reflecting research from other countries.

    Previous research has shown autonomous motivation leads to sustained physical activity behaviour. People who recognise and value the physical and mental health benefits of being active are likely to have continued being active once lockdown restrictions were lifted.

    Two other popular reasons for being active during lockdown were because people had more time (25%) or simply because it was a good excuse to get outside (19%).

    This might partly explain why some people stopped their physical activity after lockdown.

    Once lockdown finished, the extra spare time many people reported was likely reduced again. Similarly, once restrictions were lifted, the use of physical activity as an excuse to get outside wasn't necessary.

(Adapted from https:/(theconversation.com)

Decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F) according to the text. Then choose the option that contains the correct sequence.

 

( ) People from New Zealand participated in the research.

( ) More than thirty percent of the participants didn't change their amount of physical activity during lockdown.

( ) People who were highly active before lockdown increased their physical activity during lockdown.

( ) Half of the participants decided to do more physical activity in order to have better physical and mental health.

( ) The research shows an association between autonomous motivation and people's levels of physical activity during lockdown.