Questões de Inglês

    The typical car will go for its last drive sometime between its 10th and 15th year on Earth. At this point, the vast majority are sent to be recycled or sold for parts. But for a few autos, a second lease on life awaits, as a significant percentage are exported from richer nations to developing nations for a few more years on the road. In countries across Africa and Latin America, old used cars from places like the U.S. and Europe provide vital access to transportation to people who would otherwise be unable to afford their own vehicles. While this process extends the lives of these cars, the practice is not without problems, in particular with regards to pollution and passenger safety.

    Paul Bledsoe is adjunct professorial lecturer at the Center for Environmental Policy at the American University in the U.S., where he specializes in energy, natural resources and climate change. He says that “the process of retiring still-functioning cars off the road is going to speed up as electric vehicles become cheaper to buy and operate. And so when that happens, you may see a huge influx of used combustion-engine vehicles hitting the secondary market.” Bledsoe is concerned that, without the adequate policies in place, developing nations could see pollution skyrocket over the next decade as a result.

    Festival Godwin Boateng is a research fellow at the Center for Sustainable Urban Development, at Columbia University in the U.S. He studies sustainable development in Africa through a postcolonial lens and has looked into the issue of old cars. “Between 2015 and 2018 some 14 million used vehicles were exported from the European Union, Japan, and the U.S., with 40% of them ending up in African countries,” explains Boateng. “Just in Ghana, for every hundred vehicles on the road, 80 to 90 are used vehicles.” While Festival recognized that used cars fill an important gap in providing transportation opportunities in Ghana, he says over 50% of used cars are over 15 years old. “So they tend to be really old and highly polluting. And to make matters worse, they tend to do modifications to these vehicles, which make them even more polluting.”

Disponível em: https://theconversation.com. Acesso em: 30 abril 2023.

 

Com base no texto, considere as afirmações abaixo.

I. Um carro padrão geralmente dura entre dez e quinze anos antes de ser descartado. 
II. Carros usados na Europa ou nos USA estão sendo vendidos como peças para países mais pobres. 
III. Países africanos e latino-americanos estão poluindo seu meio ambiente usando carros usados. 
IV. Em Gana, apesar dos carros serem velhos, as modificações feitas garantem menos poluição do ar. 
V. A troca de carros ainda em uso por carros elétricos pode acelerar a poluição em países emergentes. 

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta apenas afirmativas corretas, de acordo com o texto.

Education attainment In selected countries for 25-34 year old.

According to the graph depicting measurements of educational success, it is possible to state that

 

I. In the learning chart on the right, a greater percentage of men than women attain education beyond high school.

II. Austria has a considerably low index of upward mobility (as of 2012) when compared to Russia and Ireland.

III. In Germany the percentage of women with post-high school education is about 20 percent greater than men.

IV. Canada, Norway and South Korea show the greatest percentage of people in postsecondary education (as of 2014).

V. The United States is ranked 17th out of 23 in upward mobility and 10th out of 21 in postsecondary education.

 

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta apenas afirmativas corretas.

    Many of us react to stressful situations by drinking too much coffee, sleeping too much or not enough, or overeating (to meet this story’s deadline, for instance, I had yogurt, four cookies, and a ton of grapes). As it turns out, several wild animals also experience physical reactions to stress. The main challenges faced by wild animals are whether they’ll find enough food or whether they become someone else’s food. But sometimes, it’s people that cause the trauma. For instance, a new study shows the rare Colorado checkered whiptail lizard stress-eats in response to noise. Part of their habitat includes the Fort Carson Army Base, where low-flying aircraft regularly produce sounds louder than what they’d experience naturally. After observing some of the wild reptiles and taking their blood, the scientists found that during flyovers, the lizards released more of the stress hormone cortisol, as well as moved less and ate more. Eating more likely compensated for the energy lost while experiencing stress, the authors say.

    Sleep, for all mammals, is key—and not having enough can be harmful. Sleep deprivation, a form of stress, can elicit increased eating in humans and some non-human animals alike. In lab studies, fruit flies subjected to social isolation slept less and ate more, and sleep-deprived mice ate more during their recovery. Some butterflies that don't get enough rest forage poorly and lay their eggs on the wrong types of plants. If some bee species don't get enough sleep, they'll perform their waggle dances, the bee equivalent of GPS, "with a less precise direction component," giving their spectators less helpful information on where to find food.

Disponível em: https://www.nationalgeographic.com. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2023.

 

Tome como base o texto acima e analise as afirmativas abaixo.

 

I. Animais estressados podem se atacar mutuamente em decorrência de situações de estresse.

II. A ausência de sono pode estimular a necessidade de comer mais em humanos e animais.

III. Abelhas em estresse podem perder a habilidade de indicar a localização correta de alimentos.

IV. Borboletas, ainda que subalimentadas, continuam pondo seus ovos nos locais adequados.

V. Até mesmo a mosca da fruta está sujeita aos impactos do ambiente e entrar em estresse.

 

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta apenas afirmativas corretas.

    Every day, fake pictures are getting more realistic. Today, anyone can access a web-based program like Midjourney or Dall-e and create artificial or manipulated images without much effort. The good news is that humans have a natural instinct for sniffing them out, according to Siwei Lyu, professor of computer science and engineering at the University at Buffalo. Lyu belongs to a group of researchers battling AI with AI—they’ve found the best way to teach an AI to find synthetic images is to show them how humans do it. We’ve been dealing with falsified images for a very long time. Image manipulation has been around just about as long as photography itself. What’s changed is how easy it is for someone without expertise to create something that appears genuine—resulting in an intimidating volume of synthetic images. But Lyu urges us not to panic. Here’s how to use our natural instincts to find things that aren’t quite right—and how to keep up with the lightning speed of AI advancement.

    If there is a person in an image, look at their hands and eyes. Current AI programs aren’t good at producing lifelike hands—they may have six fingers, or fingers that are all the same length or in a strange pose. In March, an AI-generated image of Pope Francis wearing a Balenciaga puffer coat went viral. If you look closely at his hand, he’s holding his coffee by the lid’s tab—a strange way to hold it, even if the cup was empty. And why the eyes? Humans are really sensitive to minute characteristics of the face. Humans almost always have circular pupils, but AI often produces strangely shaped shadows in the center of the eye. Light reflecting off the eyes should also be in the same place on each eye, something that current AI struggles with.

Disponível em: https://www.nationalgeographic.com. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2023.

 

Sobre a tecnologia descrita no texto, é INCORRETO afirmar que ela

Choose the alternative which indicates the best order of sentences to complete the following text.

 

The Power of Music. Many people think of music as a source of entertainment, while others feel it's just a tune playing in the background. [...]

Disponível em: https://www.cliffsnotes.com. Acesso em: 23 abr. 2023.

 

1. As a result, people tend to feel an increase in energy and a decrease in stress levels.

2. When you listen to music, the brain releases dopamine, prolactin, and serotonin, which are chemicals that boost your mood.

3. Engagement with music can improve memory and focus, especially in children, by stimulating the brain.

4. Finally, tuning out and turning on your tunes can shift your brain waves from beta to more relaxed alpha and theta states.

5. It also engages parts of the brain that control our emotions.

6. However, active listening of anything from a Mozart symphony to a Beatles song has an enormous, positive effect on the brain

Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.

 

Health Benefits of Renewable Energy

08/31/2015 | Nature Climate Change

 

How renewable energy is good for your health.

Renewable electricity projects and energy efficiency measures could have health benefits worth millions of dollars a year, according to a study published online in Nature Climate Change. The value of such projects varies greatly depending on the type of project, and where they are located, however.

Generating electricity from low-carbon energy sources and cutting energy demand reduces the need for fossil fuel power generation, decreasing emissions of harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide. Dr. Jonathan Buonocore, Research Associate at Harvard C-CHANGE, and colleagues created an assessment tool to calculate the monetized public health and climate benefits of a wind and a solar energy project and two strategies aimed at reducing energy usage in the Mid-Atlantic and Lower Great Lakes region of the United States for 2012.

They found that while all the low-carbon energy projects reduced greenhouse gas emissions, the results varied dramatically by location. For example, a wind installation near Cincinnati was twice as beneficial as one in Virginia, largely because of Cincinnati’s higher downwind population density and greater reduction in coal-fired electricity, magnifying the effects on human health. Meanwhile, a solar installation near Cincinnati was nearly three times as beneficial as one near Chicago because it displaced much coal with greater sulfur dioxide emissions.

The authors conclude that the benefit of implementing such strategies ranged from US$5.7 to US$210 million a year, depending on the project type and location. They suggest that their tool could be used to make decisions about which energy and environmental policies to implement across the United States. Paper

“Health and climate benefits of different energy-efficiency and renewable energy choices.” Jonathan J. Buonocore, Patrick Luckow, Gregory Norris, John D. Spengler, Bruce Biewald, Jeremy Fisher, and Jonathan I. Levy. Nature Climate Change volume 6, pages 100-105 (2016).

(Disponível em: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/news/health-benefits-of-renewable-energy/. Acesso em: 20 set. 2022.)

Em relação à ferramenta criada pelos autores do estudo, atribua V (verdadeiro) ou F (falso) às afirmativas a seguir.

 

( ) Ela pode indicar a(s) melhor(es) energia(s) renovável(is) para cada região dos EUA.

( ) Ela ainda está em fase final de teste e deve ser lançada em breve no mercado.

( ) Ela pode gerar benefícios ambientais, econômicos e de saúde.

( ) Ela já foi implementada em vários estados americanos.

( ) Ela indicou que, em algumas regiões dos EUA, energias renováveis não compensam.

 

Assinale a alternativa que contém, de cima para baixo, a sequência correta.