Questões de Inglês

Leia atentamente o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

Since the early 1990s, an interesting phenomenon has emerged in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus – some states that, despite having their own government and state apparatus, lack international recognition. Even today, the struggle of these unrecognised states remains widely unknown. While these states have been the focus of much academic study, their very existence is often neglected by both the international community and societies in the West. In parallel, there exist in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus distinct peoples who have neither acquired recognised statehood nor any significant representation within their own countries – they are the so-called unrepresented peoples.

Today, the territory of the former Soviet Union in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus is somewhat unique for its relatively high concentration of unrecognised states and unrepresented peoples. Each of them has varying degrees of independence and autonomy. Some have de facto statehood, whereas others are distinct peoples with little to no representation or territorial autonomy. Although different, these peoples seem to have one common goal – self-determination.

The benefits of recognised statehood are numerous and often taken for granted – countries have access to various forms of international funding, for example from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF); their citizens can travel, assured that their passports will be accepted in another country; and they have a voice at international forums like the United Nations (UN), which can be an opportunity to influence international outcomes in their favour. Unrecognised states, on the other hand, are isolated internationally and can be forced to rely upon a patron state which offers them all kinds of help in exchange for their allegiance. This dependency on a patron-client relationship can lead to the client state being used as a political tool by its patron.

One key issue facing most unrecognised states is the restriction on movement imposed on their people. Because their de facto nationality is not recognised internationally, their locally-issued passports or travel documents are not considered valid for travel or entry into another country. The only way for them to travel abroad is to receive a passport from a neighbouring country, or to travel to the few countries that do recognise them. It happens that some people living in de facto states are entitled to other citizenships. In addition to unrecognised states, there also exists a number of unrepresented peoples – that is, distinct ethnic and linguistic groups that enjoy little or no representation both internationally and domestically. These peoples struggle even more for self-determination since they do not have their own autonomous territory. They find themselves even more vulnerable and are often at best ignored, or worse persecuted.

Fonte: What does it mean to be unrecognised and unrepresented? https://unpo.org/article/21947. Adaptado. Data de acesso: 07/08/2022.

Text

Gossip is Good

   Those who feel a little guilty about gossiping may be pleased to know
      that academics have now said that it is actually what sets our species apart from animals. 
      Gossip is what makes people human, because it allows us to pass on vital information on
      who to trust and who not to trust, as well as bond with family and friends.
5.   In evolutionary biology, scientists call the phenomenon gossip theory. The theory
      suggests that as language developed, it allowed early humans to pass on reliable
      information so that they could live in ever-increasing groups. Gossiping used to be simply
      what people did with their friends and was not used in a negative sense until the
      18th century.
10. Scientists carried out experiments to find out what people thought about gossips, and the
      results were that while people distrust those who gossip too much, they were also wary of
      those who gossip too little.
      Professor Robin Dunbar at Oxford University even said that we should accept gossiping

15. as a vital part of human life, which might even help us live longer. He said that the most
      important thing apart from not smoking that will prevent you from dying early is the size of
      your social network.

Fonte: https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/gossip-is-good-, accessed on March, 30th, 2020.

Text

Gossip is Good

   Those who feel a little guilty about gossiping may be pleased to know
      that academics have now said that it is actually what sets our species apart from animals. 
      Gossip is what makes people human, because it allows us to pass on vital information on
      who to trust and who not to trust, as well as bond with family and friends.
5.   In evolutionary biology, scientists call the phenomenon gossip theory. The theory
      suggests that as language developed, it allowed early humans to pass on reliable
      information so that they could live in ever-increasing groups. Gossiping used to be simply
      what people did with their friends and was not used in a negative sense until the
      18th century.
10. Scientists carried out experiments to find out what people thought about gossips, and the
      results were that while people distrust those who gossip too much, they were also wary of
      those who gossip too little.
      Professor Robin Dunbar at Oxford University even said that we should accept gossiping

15. as a vital part of human life, which might even help us live longer. He said that the most
      important thing apart from not smoking that will prevent you from dying early is the size of
      your social network.

Fonte: https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/gossip-is-good-, accessed on March, 30th, 2020.

Text

Gossip is Good

   Those who feel a little guilty about gossiping may be pleased to know
      that academics have now said that it is actually what sets our species apart from animals. 
      Gossip is what makes people human, because it allows us to pass on vital information on
      who to trust and who not to trust, as well as bond with family and friends.
5.   In evolutionary biology, scientists call the phenomenon gossip theory. The theory
      suggests that as language developed, it allowed early humans to pass on reliable
      information so that they could live in ever-increasing groups. Gossiping used to be simply
      what people did with their friends and was not used in a negative sense until the
      18th century.
10. Scientists carried out experiments to find out what people thought about gossips, and the
      results were that while people distrust those who gossip too much, they were also wary of
      those who gossip too little.
      Professor Robin Dunbar at Oxford University even said that we should accept gossiping

15. as a vital part of human life, which might even help us live longer. He said that the most
      important thing apart from not smoking that will prevent you from dying early is the size of
      your social network.

Fonte: https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/gossip-is-good-, accessed on March, 30th, 2020.

Text

Olympics Delayed

   The Japanese Prime Minister Abe Shinzo and the International Olympic Committee
      President Thomas Bach agreed on a proposal to postpone the Olympics until 2021.
      They will happen no later than the summer of 2021.

      Abe said that they decided this to protect the health and safety of the athletes and
5.   everyone else in the event. Abe and Bach said that they wish that the Olympics can be “a
      beacon of hope” to the world. The Olympic flame will stay in Japan and the event name
      will remain the Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020.

      In Japan, there are more than 1,000 confirmed cases of coronavirus, and worldwide,
      there are almost 400,000 confirmed cases, as reported by John Hopkins University as of
10. Tuesday morning.

Fonte: https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/olympics-delayed, accessed on March 30th, 2020.

Text

Change can come in many forms in our lives. It might come forcefully like a tidal wave, or creep along incrementally like a glacier. It might come in the form of devastating tragedy, difficult choices, broken relationships, or even new opportunities.

But even though change is often difficult, many times it’s also for the best. Accomplishing anything great in life requires significant change that pushes us beyond our comfort zones.

Many times, the only way to improve our lives is to force ourselves to undergo difficult change. That might mean breaking up and leaving a stale – but comfortable – relationship, leaving a mediocre – but stable – job, moving away from a nice – but uninspiring – location, or anything else that’s holding us back from accomplishing our dreams.

Of course, dealing with uninvited change in our lives is often difficult and painful. In many cases, instigating major, but necessary, change in our life can be just as painful. But whatever change you’re dealing with, know that how you cope with that change will have an impact on your future. (by Quincy Seale)

Fonte: http://www.keepinspiring.me/quote-about-change-in-life, accessed on March, 30th, 2020.