Questões de Inglês

Text

PHOTO: UN Composition with photographs by PAHO (left), Martine Perret (center) and UNICEF Ecuador-Arcos (right).

 

The role of indigenous women in the preservation and transmission of traditional knowledge

 

1 Indigenous women are the backbone of indigenous peoples” communities and play a crucial role in the preservation and
transmission of traditional ancestral knowledge. They have an integral collective and community role as carers of natural
resources and keepers of scientific knowledge. Many indigenous women are also taking the lead in the defense of indigenous
peoples' lands and territories and advocating for indigenous peoples' collective rights worldwide.

 

2 However, despite the crucial role indigenous women play in their communities as breadwinners, caretakers, knowledge
keepers, leaders and human rights defenders, they often suffer from intersecting levels of discrimination on the basis of
gender, class, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

 

3 Indigenous women particularly suffer high levels of poverty; low levels of education and illiteracy; limitations in the access to
health, basic sanitation, credit and employment; limited participation in political life; and domestic and sexual violence.
Besides, their right to self-determination, self-governance and control of resources and ancestral lands have been violated
over centuries.

 

4 Small but significant progress has been made by indigenous women in decision-making processes in some communities,
achieving leadership in communal and national roles, and stood on the protest frontlines to defend their lands and the
planet's decreasing biodiversity. The reality, however, remains that indigenous women are widely under-represented,
disproportionately negatively affected by decisions made on their behalf, and are too frequently the victims of multiple
expressions of discrimination and violence.

 

5 This International Day of Indigenous Peoples, let's reclaim the role of these heroines.

Disponivel em: https://www.un.org/en/observances/indigenous-day. Acesso em 13/06/2022. Adaptado.

Observe a análise linguística a seguir:

 

I. No 2º parágrafo, o autor elabora sua argumentação, situando a temática na atualidade, por isso o tempo verbal predominante é o Simple Present.

II. As palavras land e territories, no 1º parágrafo, apresentam significados distintos, estabelecendo quase uma relação de antonímia nesse contexto.

III. No 4º parágrafo, as palavras destacadas (but e however) são conectores ou linking words, que apresentam ideia de conclusão e adição respectivamente.

IV. No 2º parágrafo, a palavra ‘breadwinnwers' significa 'provedoras' e está sendo  empregada para dimensionar o papel das mulheres indígenas.

V. O 3º parágrafo “Indigenous women particularly suffer high levels of poverty; low levels of education and illiteracy; limitations in the access to health, basic sanitation, credit and employment (...)” apresenta vários adjetivos, pois estão se referindo ou qualificando os substantivos pospostos, conforme regra de uso da língua inglesa.

 

Estão CORRETAS apenas

Text

PHOTO: UN Composition with photographs by PAHO (left), Martine Perret (center) and UNICEF Ecuador-Arcos (right).

 

The role of indigenous women in the preservation and transmission of traditional knowledge

 

1 Indigenous women are the backbone of indigenous peoples” communities and play a crucial role in the preservation and
transmission of traditional ancestral knowledge. They have an integral collective and community role as carers of natural
resources and keepers of scientific knowledge. Many indigenous women are also taking the lead in the defense of indigenous
peoples' lands and territories and advocating for indigenous peoples' collective rights worldwide.

 

2 However, despite the crucial role indigenous women play in their communities as breadwinners, caretakers, knowledge
keepers, leaders and human rights defenders, they often suffer from intersecting levels of discrimination on the basis of
gender, class, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

 

3 Indigenous women particularly suffer high levels of poverty; low levels of education and illiteracy; limitations in the access to
health, basic sanitation, credit and employment; limited participation in political life; and domestic and sexual violence.
Besides, their right to self-determination, self-governance and control of resources and ancestral lands have been violated
over centuries.

 

4 Small but significant progress has been made by indigenous women in decision-making processes in some communities,
achieving leadership in communal and national roles, and stood on the protest frontlines to defend their lands and the
planet's decreasing biodiversity. The reality, however, remains that indigenous women are widely under-represented,
disproportionately negatively affected by decisions made on their behalf, and are too frequently the victims of multiple
expressions of discrimination and violence.

 

5 This International Day of Indigenous Peoples, let's reclaim the role of these heroines.

Disponivel em: https://www.un.org/en/observances/indigenous-day. Acesso em 13/06/2022. Adaptado.

I ‘Besides, their right to self-determination, self-governance and control of resources and ancestral lands have been violated over centuries.’ (paragraph 3), the author is

Text

PHOTO: UN Composition with photographs by PAHO (left), Martine Perret (center) and UNICEF Ecuador-Arcos (right).

 

The role of indigenous women in the preservation and transmission of traditional knowledge

 

1 Indigenous women are the backbone of indigenous peoples” communities and play a crucial role in the preservation and
transmission of traditional ancestral knowledge. They have an integral collective and community role as carers of natural
resources and keepers of scientific knowledge. Many indigenous women are also taking the lead in the defense of indigenous
peoples' lands and territories and advocating for indigenous peoples' collective rights worldwide.

 

2 However, despite the crucial role indigenous women play in their communities as breadwinners, caretakers, knowledge
keepers, leaders and human rights defenders, they often suffer from intersecting levels of discrimination on the basis of
gender, class, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

 

3 Indigenous women particularly suffer high levels of poverty; low levels of education and illiteracy; limitations in the access to
health, basic sanitation, credit and employment; limited participation in political life; and domestic and sexual violence.
Besides, their right to self-determination, self-governance and control of resources and ancestral lands have been violated
over centuries.

 

4 Small but significant progress has been made by indigenous women in decision-making processes in some communities,
achieving leadership in communal and national roles, and stood on the protest frontlines to defend their lands and the
planet's decreasing biodiversity. The reality, however, remains that indigenous women are widely under-represented,
disproportionately negatively affected by decisions made on their behalf, and are too frequently the victims of multiple
expressions of discrimination and violence.

 

5 This International Day of Indigenous Peoples, let's reclaim the role of these heroines.

Disponivel em: https://www.un.org/en/observances/indigenous-day. Acesso em 13/06/2022. Adaptado.

Assinale a alternativa que registra CORRETAMENTE as ideias do Texto.

Fonte: https://cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/510/algcartoons.html

 

Na charge de Dilbert, há o uso das aspas na palavra algorithm.

 

Sobre esse uso específico na imagem em questão, assinale a alternativa que descreve corretamente o uso das aspas.

Fonte: https://musebycl.io/advertising/klarna-gets-veryvery-swedish-loony-first-ads-us-market

 

A campanha publicitária da imagem é da empresa Klarna, uma empresa sueca de pagamentos. Campanhas utilizam tanto a linguagem verbal quanto não verbal para atrair futuros clientes. Sobre a linguagem usada na propaganda, é possível afirmar:

 

I. Na expressão Swedish for smoother shopping, o termo Swedish é um substantivo.

II. O adjetivo smoother, em grau comparativo de igualdade, relaciona-se com a textura do uso da cor rosa na imagem.

III. O termo shopping é um verbo e está no gerúndio.

IV. O adjetivo smoother poderia ser substituído, sem mudança de significado, para o adjetivo easier.

 

As alternativas corretas são:

The Illusion of Free Choice in the Age of Augmented Decisions

 

The age of digitalization has created new opportunities for individuals, organizations, local governments, and countries to cooperate and mutually benefit from each other. Technologies such as smartphones and mobile Internet have enabled global networks and extended opportunities for individual and collective engagement and cooperation. Further, tasks that formerly meant tedious, long-lasting work or that could not be accomplished at all have become possible and even trivial with the extensive use of constantly improving technologies. However, more convenience has led to a growing reliance on these types of Technologies in human decisions. In the augmented world in which we live, a growing number of decisions are designed by smart technologies – with unforeseen consequences for individuals and societies. Augmented decision-making undermines the freedom of choice. This is the price we pay for convenience.

The dark side of digital convenience: There is a darker and often invisible side of the coin as well.

Loss of freedom of choice: Augmented intelligence frees us from many chores, but it also limits free choice. We rely on our technologies, often unaware that we do no longer get the full picture but instead a reality that might be curated for a specific purpose. In such cases, freedom of choice becomes an illusion. Humans have become accustomed to “doing everything” on their smartphones, and this tendency is reinforced by the apps and services of organizations such as Facebook, Google, and Netflix. Tech companies use technology as a vehicle to construct individual subjective reality, the internal space that frames our decision-making. Most of the information that humans base their decision on is filtered and presorted by algorithms, which use huge amounts of user data to produce highly individualized recommendations to nudge us towards certain options. While such algorithms make our lives more convenient, they also fulfill various organizational objectives that users may not be aware of, and that may not be in their best interest. We do not know whether algorithms augmenting human decisions truly optimize the benefit to their users or rather the return on investment for a company. In other words, producing a positive user experience is often a means to an end, not an end in itself.

Polarization of beliefs: A potential cause of harm to societies and democracies is the emergence of information bubbles, enabling and strengthening the polarization of beliefs. Biased outcomes shape our identities, our view of the world, our social relationships, and most importantly, the decisions we make. For instance, YouTube alone accumulates in total more than one billion hours of watchtime a day, and 70% of this time comes from watching recommended videos. Smart algorithms instantaneously and simultaneously recommend millions of videos to its users. At the same time, they test how to best retain user attention. Once a user continues to view another video, the recommendation was successful, and the algorithm has controlled the user’s decisionmaking process. Under these carefully designed circumstances, humans may lose the ability to consciously choose between freely exploring or stopping to explore the content on the platform. Free choice is competing against smart algorithms that track and use individual preferences, while the user cannot control or does not fully understand the purpose and functionality of these algorithms. If such an algorithm learns that conspiracy videos are optimizing user attention, it may continue to recommend such videos until even radical conspiracy theories become a kind of shared reality for users. What they consume affects how the users think and behave. Even though users decide what they watch, YouTube’s algorithms, and also Facebook’s and Twitter’s, have a large influence on what content – and what ideas and opinions – get amplified or silenced.

https://www.nim.org/en/dokument/2021mirdarksidesarticle freechoiceeng

Fabian Buder, Koen Pauwels e Kairun Daikoku utilizam uma conhecida expressão em língua inglesa – a means to an end – e estendem seu significado para que possam enquadrar no objetivo de seu texto.

 

Sobre o uso e a estrutura dessa expressão no texto, analise as seguintes afirmações.

 

I. A means to an end é um phrasal verb, composto de um verbo (means) e uma preposição (end).

II. Na expressão A means to an end, o termo end é um verbo e significa finalização de uma situação.

III. A expressão pode significar um processo ou atividade realizada para se atingir um objetivo.

IV. A expressão está conjugada na terceira pessoa, conforme aponta o uso do -s no final da palavra means.

V. No texto, os autores usam a expressão para criticar empresas que omitem o que fazem com os dados de seus usuários.

 

As afirmações corretas são: