Questões de Inglês

INSTRUCTIONS: Read the following text to answer question.

 

Abstract

 

Ageing is associated with a progressive decline in cognitive function, which occurs according to heterogeneous trajectories, dependent on multiple physiological and environmental components. To tackle this major challenge, we designed a project to test the effect of a tailored physical exercise intervention program in the cognitive function of a Portuguese elderly cohort, included in the AGA@4life project. The exercise program included aerobic and strength components, prescribed in a personalized approach according to the AGA@4life model, and implemented under direct control of two experienced professionals. The 33 included elderly participants were divided into two groups (intervention group – IG – and control group – CG) according to their willingness to participate in the physical training program. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) platform at baseline and three months after the intervention period in all the participants. The groups had similar clinical and demographic characteristics at baseline. After the intervention program, significant improvements in cognitive function were observed in the IG, but not in the CG. Particularly, a significant improvement in motor control, spatial working memory, and visuospatial associate learning were depicted in the IG, which revealed an overall better cognitive performance as compared with the CG after the follow-up period. The results clearly identify physical exercise as an effective non-pharmacological tool to positively modulate age-related decline in cognitive function in older adults, particularly when prescribed in a personalized approach with a multicomponent structure as foreseen in the innovative AGA@4life model.

Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30684588/. Accessed on: Mar. 16, 2023.

A synonym for the verb to depict in the sentence “Particularly, a significant improvement in motor control, spatial working memory, and visuospatial associate learning were depicted in the IG, which revealed an overall better cognitive performance as compared with the CG after the follow-up period” is

INSTRUCTIONS: Read the following text to answer question.

 

Abstract

 

Ageing is associated with a progressive decline in cognitive function, which occurs according to heterogeneous trajectories, dependent on multiple physiological and environmental components. To tackle this major challenge, we designed a project to test the effect of a tailored physical exercise intervention program in the cognitive function of a Portuguese elderly cohort, included in the AGA@4life project. The exercise program included aerobic and strength components, prescribed in a personalized approach according to the AGA@4life model, and implemented under direct control of two experienced professionals. The 33 included elderly participants were divided into two groups (intervention group – IG – and control group – CG) according to their willingness to participate in the physical training program. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) platform at baseline and three months after the intervention period in all the participants. The groups had similar clinical and demographic characteristics at baseline. After the intervention program, significant improvements in cognitive function were observed in the IG, but not in the CG. Particularly, a significant improvement in motor control, spatial working memory, and visuospatial associate learning were depicted in the IG, which revealed an overall better cognitive performance as compared with the CG after the follow-up period. The results clearly identify physical exercise as an effective non-pharmacological tool to positively modulate age-related decline in cognitive function in older adults, particularly when prescribed in a personalized approach with a multicomponent structure as foreseen in the innovative AGA@4life model.

Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30684588/. Accessed on: Mar. 16, 2023.

Keywords for this abstract are:

Available at: https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene. Access: Aug 25, 2022.

 

The image above was captured from an article about sleep hygiene available at the Sleep Foundation website.

 

It is possible to say that the information present in the box was included because of

What is monkeypox and why is it spreading?

 

Monkeypox was first identified in 1958 at a laboratory in Copenhagen, Denmark when it was discovered in monkeys that had been imported from Singapore a couple of months earlier. The first case in humans was not reported until 1970 when a nine-month-old boy admitted to a hospital in the Democratic Republic of Congo was found to have been infected with the virus. Although the young patient lived in an area of tropical rainforest populated by monkeys, doctors were not able to establish if he had recently come into contact with an infected monkey or if it had come from another source. The boy recovered from the infection, but sadly contracted measles a few days later and died.

Available at: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220801-whatis-monkeypox-and-why-is-it-spreading. Access: Aug 25, 2022.

 

In this passage, it is possible to infer that the author

TEXT I

 

Why Parents Still Hesitate to Vaccinate Their Children Against COVID-19

 

According to a recent survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), only 27% of parents of 5- to 11-year-olds are keen to immunize their children against COVID-19, whereas 30% said they definitely won’t vaccinate their children. One-third of parents said they’ll “wait and see” before deciding how to proceed.

[…]

Nevertheless, the CDC reports that more than 90% of US children up to age 24 months are immunized via injection against several diseases, including measles, mumps, and rubella; almost 93% have received at least 3 of the 4 recommended injections of polio vaccine. And approximately 95% of kindergarteners had received state-required vaccines for the 2019-2020 school year.

So why are parents more hesitant when it comes to the COVID-19 jab? For many, the answer is related to familiarity with the vaccines in question. Shots to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella have been around since the 1960s. But the first COVID-19 vaccine was created last year; it’s still relatively uncharted territory. And unlike parents of the 1960s, today’s parents may be inundated with social media and internet messages promoting misinformation about or mistrust in vaccines.

Available at: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/ fullarticle/2787289. Access: Aug 25, 2022.

 

TEXT II

 

The Abysmal Covid Vaccination Rate for Toddlers Speaks Volumes

 

You would think that vaccination sites would have been swamped with parents rushing to vaccinate their young children against Covid after the Food and Drug Administration authorized the vaccines for the under-5 age group in June. But as of early August 2022, around 5 percent of eligible children under 5 had received the first dose of the vaccine series. Worse, the number of them being immunized has been decreasing.

[…]

What does it say, then, that most parents have not vaccinated their children against Covid? Even if, as the data would suggest, they’ve vaccinated themselves at much higher rates?

I fear that it’s indicative of Americans’ loss of trust in the public health system of the United States. Much of that is because of misinformation and disinformation spread about the safety and efficacy of vaccinations. But some of it is the result of inconsistent and often suboptimal science communication by public health experts.

Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/18/opinion/covidvaccination-children-toddlers.html. Access: Aug 25, 2022.

 

These two passages attempt to explain the reason why many parents have not vaccinated their children. Both passages attribute the low rates of child vaccination to

Is losing weight an important health goal?

 

A higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with conditions like diabetes and heart disease, said Philipp Scherer, professor of internal medicine and director of the Touchstone Diabetes Center at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. However, BMI is a controversial way to measure health, and it’s just one of many factors associated with changes in a person’s well-being, said Dr. Asher Larmie, a UK-based general practitioner and activist. Medical care, environment, social circumstances and biology make up the majority of the factors that determine our health, according to the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion’s Healthy People 2020. Still, we often place a lot of importance on a person’s appearance when assessing their health, said Shana Minei Spence, a registered dietitian in New York. And even if we learn to shed the burden of societal beauty standards, it can be difficult to feel confident in your body if you view your size as unhealthy.

Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/21/health/weighthealth-connection-wellness/index.html. Access: Aug 25, 2022.

 

Medical care, environment, social circumstances and biology are mentioned in the passage to