Questões de Inglês

    On May 13^th, 1822, a group of 186 women sent Maria Leopoldina the Letter from the Bahian Women to Her Royal Highness Dona Leopoldina, congratulating her on her role in the patriotic rulings of her husband, Prince Regent Dom Pedro. The document acknowledged the contribution made by the then princess and empress-to-be to ensuring her husband’s permanence in Brazil, which they believed was a key factor in gaining independence from Portugal. “Far more than just a letter, it is a political manifesto,” notes historian Maria de Lourdes Viana Lyra. “At that time, in Brazil, women were given a subordinate role restricted to private household and family affairs. Outside the domestic sphere, women were made invisible, but that did not stop them from mobilizing politically to fight for independence in a variety of ways,” she states.

    In addition to isolated actions led by famous figures, there were other many significant actions that are still largely unknown to the general public, more specifically, those related to instances of collective mobilization of women active in the public arena during the fight for Brazilian independence. Historian Andréa Slemian expands on the matter. “Throughout this process, many women expressed themselves through letters, manifestos, and other texts. Thus, the nascent press in Brazil played an important role, not only by publishing these women’s ideas regarding independence on editorial pages, for example, but also by serving as a mouthpiece for views supporting women’s rights,” notes Slemian.

Ana Paula Orlandi. Unafraid to fight. Internet:www.revistapesquisa.fapesp.br (adapted).

Based on the picture above, which shows paintings depicting Empress Maria Leopoldina and Maria Quitéria de Jesus, and the information given in the previous text, it is correct to state that both these women

we gave birth to a new generation,
AmeRícan, broader than lost gold
never touched, hidden inside the
puerto rican mountains.

we gave birth to a new generation
AmeRícan, it includes everything
imaginable you-name-it-we-got-it
society.

we gave birth to a new generation,
AmeRícan salutes all folklores,
european, indian, black, spanish
and anything else compatible.

AmeRícan,
yes, for now, for i love this, my second land,
and i dream to take the accent from
the altercation, and be proud to call
myself american, in the u.s. sense of the
word, AmeRícan, America!

LAVIERA, T. Benedición: The Complete Poetry of Tato Laviera. Houston: Arte Público Press, 2014 (fragmento).

 

Nos versos desse poema, o eu lírico adota um tom de

    Our physical alienation from India almost inevitably means that we will not be capable of reclaiming precisely the thing that was lost; that we will, in short, create fictions, not actual cities or villages, but invisible ones, imaginary homelands, Indias of the mind. […] It may be argued that the past is a country from which we have all emigrated […], but I suggest that the writer who is out-of-country and even out-of-language may experience this loss in an intensified form.

RUSHDIE, S. Imaginary Homelands. Londres: Vintage Books, 2010 (adaptado).

 

Nesse fragmento de texto, ao abordar a literatura anglo-indiana, o autor Salman Rushdie ressalta a relação entre criação literária e

“We won’t ruin Mars. It’s too big and too good.” said the captain.

    “You think not? We Earth Men have a talent for ruining big, beautiful things. The only reason we didn’t set up hot-dog stands in the midst of the Egyptian temple of Karnak is because it was out of the way and served no large commercial purpose. And Egypt is a small part of Earth. But here, this whole thing is ancient and different, and we have to set down somewhere and start fouling it up. We’ll call the canal the Rockefeller Canal and the mountain King George Mountain and the sea the Dupont Sea, and there’ll be Roosevelt and Lincoln and Coolidge cities, and it won’t ever be right, when there are the proper names for these places.”

BRADBURY, R. And the Moon Be Still as Bright. In: The Martian Chronicles. Londres: Harper Collins, 2014.

 

Nesse fragmento de um conto do autor Ray Bradbury, o personagem revela ao capitão

Read the poem “Dreams” by Langston Hughes.

 

Hold fast to dreams
For if dreams die
Life is a broken-winged bird
That cannot fly.

 

Hold fast to dreams
For when dreams go
Life is a barren1
 field
Frozen with snow.

(https://poets.org)

 

¹ barren: unable to produce plants or fruit.

 

The word “For”, used twice in the poem,

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

  

    Of the 8,300 million tonnes of virgin plastic produced up to the end of 2015, 6,300 million tonnes have been discarded. Most of that plastic waste is still with us, buried in landfills or polluting the environment. But what if we could wave a magic wand and remove all plastics from our lives? For the sake of the planet, it would be a tempting prospect — but we’d quickly find out just how far plastic has seeped into every aspect of our existence. Is life as we know it even possible without plastic?

    Our food system would quickly collapse. We use packaging to protect food from damage in transit and preserve it long enough to reach supermarket shelves, but also for communication and marketing. “I cannot imagine how [plastic] would be replaced completely in our system,” says Eleni Iacovidou, a lecturer in environmental management at Brunel University London.

    Swapping out plastic packaging would produce several environmental side-effects. While glass has some advantages over plastic, such as being endlessly recyclable, a one litre glass bottle can weigh as much as 800g compared to a 40g plastic one. This results in glass bottles having a higher overall environmental impact compared to plastic containers for milk or fruit juice, for example. When those heavier bottles and jars need to be transported over long distances, carbon emissions grow even more.

    In some ways, though, changing food packaging would be the easy part. You might buy milk in a glass bottle, but plastic tubing is used in the dairy industry to get that milk from cow to bottle. Even if you buy vegetables loose, sheets of plastic protective cover may have helped the farmer who grew them save water. Without plastic, industrial agriculture as we know it would be impossible. Instead, we’d need shorter food chains — think farm shops and community-supported agriculture. But with over half of the global population now living in cities, this would require huge changes in where and how we grow food. It wouldn’t be an impossible task, says Iacovidou, but “we have to devote the time to do it”.

(Kelly Oakes. www.bbc.com, 07.06.2022. Adaptado.)

The reading from the last paragraph leads us to understand that