Questões de Inglês

INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer question.

 

What is emotion regulation?

 

Imagine you are at your friend’s birthday party. She has opened her presents and cut the cake, and now everyone is sitting down to watch a movie. The movie starts, and your stomach drops when you realize she has picked out a really scary movie. Some of your friends love scary movies, but you do not — they give you nightmares for a week! The lights go out and scary music begins to play as the movie starts. What do you do?

 

In our research lab, we study what happens in the brains of kids, teenagers, and adults when they feel angry, sad, or scared. Specifically, we study what scientists call emotion regulation, which is the way people cope with upsetting feelings. For example, in the scary movie scenario, you might want to feel less scared — or just seem less scared to your friends! There are many strategies you could use to feel less scared — you can think of these as tools in your emotion regulation toolbox. Specific regions in your brain work together to help you regulate your emotions and eventually feel better.

Available at: https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ frym.2022.710002. Accessed on: Feb 28, 2024.

According to the text, emotion regulation

Read the following text to answer the question.

 

Do you ever wonder why you remember some experiences better than others? Why do you remember that funny joke your friend told at lunch a few months ago or the scary snake you saw in your backyard, but not that time you went to the post office with your parents? Just like a computer has a save button, our brains do, too! When something scary, exciting, or strange happens, a small part of the brain, the amygdala, helps us click “save” on that event so we can remember it later. Decades of research have helped scientists understand what parts of the brain are important for memory and how the amygdala works with other brain regions to tag experiences as worth remembering. This research is important for understanding how memories are formed and can help us create new therapies for people with memory problems, who have trouble forming new memories and remembering past experiences.

Available at: https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ frym.2023.1161075. Accessed on: Feb. 16, 2024.

 

The research findings indicate that

INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer question.

 

In our research lab, we study what happens in our brains when we regulate our emotions. […] Our research asks what the brain is doing when people change how they think about a situation to help themselves feel better.

 

First, let us explore how we answer this question. We use a technology called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to take pictures of people’s brains while they are in a machine called an MRI scanner. A person can safely lay inside the scanner while scientists measure brain activity in real time. In a typical study in our lab, volunteers of all ages are invited to have their brains photographed in the MRI scanner while they look at pictures on a screen. Some of the pictures might cause the volunteers to feel sad or scared. For example, one picture might show two friends arguing, which might make the volunteers feel sad because it reminds them of a time they fought with a friend. The scientist will then ask the volunteers to change how they are thinking about the picture. For instance, the scientist might ask the volunteers to pretend they are the director and that the image is a scene in a movie they are directing. When the volunteers think about the picture this way, they can picture standing behind a camera, filming a scene in which two actors pretend to be in an argument. With this new way of thinking about the picture, the volunteers are thinking about how best to film the scene. For example, the volunteers could focus on whether the actors are in good lighting. Doing this might make the volunteers feel better, because they are not focused on how sad the picture makes them feel, but are instead thinking about it from a movie director’s perspective. While the volunteers are changing how they think about the pictures, the MRI scanner is taking pictures of their brains.

 

When we show a volunteer in the MRI scanner an emotional situation, such as an image of friends arguing or a clip from a scary movie, we usually see brain activity increase in the amygdala. The amygdala consists of two small, almond-shaped regions deep in the brain. When we are first presented with an emotional situation like a scary movie, the amygdala sends messages to the rest of the body. This is like an alarm system that keeps us safe from harm, letting us know that we might be in danger. In this way, the amygdala plays an essential role in our survival! In the scary movie example, though, we might want to change how we think about the situation so that we feel less scared. What is the brain doing when we think differently about a negative situation?

 

Attempting to change how we think about a situation requires an area of the brain called the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is important for many tasks that require a lot of mental effort, including language, planning, and controlling impulses and emotions. When we change how we think about a negative situation, several regions within the prefrontal cortex work together to decrease activity in the amygdala. This process is a bit like turning down the volume of loud music; activity in the prefrontal cortex “turns down” activity in the amygdala. In our example, when a volunteer first sees the picture of friends fighting, we would likely see increased activity in the volunteer’s amygdala. This increased activity would show that, as the brain initially reacts to the negative picture, brain cells within the amygdala respond to the image and send messages to other parts of the brain. Once the volunteer starts to think about the picture from a movie director’s perspective, however, we would likely begin to see activity increase in the volunteer’s prefrontal cortex, followed by a decrease in activity in the amygdala. This suggests that the prefrontal cortex is turning down the amygdala’s response as the volunteer considers the negative image in this new way.

Available at: https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ frym.2022.710002#ref5. Accessed on: Feb 28, 2024.

The word though in: “In the scary movie example, though, we might want to change how we think about the situation so that we feel less scared.” is closest in meaning to

INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer question.

 

In our research lab, we study what happens in our brains when we regulate our emotions. […] Our research asks what the brain is doing when people change how they think about a situation to help themselves feel better.

 

First, let us explore how we answer this question. We use a technology called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to take pictures of people’s brains while they are in a machine called an MRI scanner. A person can safely lay inside the scanner while scientists measure brain activity in real time. In a typical study in our lab, volunteers of all ages are invited to have their brains photographed in the MRI scanner while they look at pictures on a screen. Some of the pictures might cause the volunteers to feel sad or scared. For example, one picture might show two friends arguing, which might make the volunteers feel sad because it reminds them of a time they fought with a friend. The scientist will then ask the volunteers to change how they are thinking about the picture. For instance, the scientist might ask the volunteers to pretend they are the director and that the image is a scene in a movie they are directing. When the volunteers think about the picture this way, they can picture standing behind a camera, filming a scene in which two actors pretend to be in an argument. With this new way of thinking about the picture, the volunteers are thinking about how best to film the scene. For example, the volunteers could focus on whether the actors are in good lighting. Doing this might make the volunteers feel better, because they are not focused on how sad the picture makes them feel, but are instead thinking about it from a movie director’s perspective. While the volunteers are changing how they think about the pictures, the MRI scanner is taking pictures of their brains.

 

When we show a volunteer in the MRI scanner an emotional situation, such as an image of friends arguing or a clip from a scary movie, we usually see brain activity increase in the amygdala. The amygdala consists of two small, almond-shaped regions deep in the brain. When we are first presented with an emotional situation like a scary movie, the amygdala sends messages to the rest of the body. This is like an alarm system that keeps us safe from harm, letting us know that we might be in danger. In this way, the amygdala plays an essential role in our survival! In the scary movie example, though, we might want to change how we think about the situation so that we feel less scared. What is the brain doing when we think differently about a negative situation?

 

Attempting to change how we think about a situation requires an area of the brain called the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is important for many tasks that require a lot of mental effort, including language, planning, and controlling impulses and emotions. When we change how we think about a negative situation, several regions within the prefrontal cortex work together to decrease activity in the amygdala. This process is a bit like turning down the volume of loud music; activity in the prefrontal cortex “turns down” activity in the amygdala. In our example, when a volunteer first sees the picture of friends fighting, we would likely see increased activity in the volunteer’s amygdala. This increased activity would show that, as the brain initially reacts to the negative picture, brain cells within the amygdala respond to the image and send messages to other parts of the brain. Once the volunteer starts to think about the picture from a movie director’s perspective, however, we would likely begin to see activity increase in the volunteer’s prefrontal cortex, followed by a decrease in activity in the amygdala. This suggests that the prefrontal cortex is turning down the amygdala’s response as the volunteer considers the negative image in this new way.

Available at: https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ frym.2022.710002#ref5. Accessed on: Feb 28, 2024.

In the study lab described in the text, volunteers

Texto

 

UN – United Nations News

 

May 10th, 2023

1 in 3 children overweight in the European region: WHO report

 

A new World Health Organization (WHO) report on obesity levels in Europe shows that roughly one in three primary school-aged children is living with obesity or are overweight, and this is only set to rise further. The WHO European Regional Obesity Report 2022 was launched by the spouses of 16 European leaders and Heads of State, in the Croatian capital. Childhood obesity data for WHO’s European Region paints an alarming picture. “Our children are increasingly growing up in environments that make it very difficult for them to eat well and be active. This is a root cause of the obesity epidemic,” said Dr Hans Henri P. Kluge, WHO Regional Director for Europe. “As societies and countries, we have so far failed to reverse the rising rates of childhood obesity, and that’s why WHO/Europe is here in Croatia, at the invitation of Professor Milanović, spouse of the President, to galvanize political support for this truly insidious public health crisis before it becomes even more difficult to address.” Based on current trends and looking exclusively at obesity in the WHO European Region, which covers 53 countries across Europe and Central Asia, the World Obesity Atlas 2023 published by the World Obesity Federation, projects that between 2020 and 2035, there will be:

 

• a 61% increase in the number of boys living with obesity,
• a 75% increase in the number of girls living with obesity,
• with a total 17 million boys and 11 million girls aged 5-19 living with obesity in the region in 2035.
• Issues involving being overweight and obesity across all age groups are projected to cost
the WHO European Region $800 billion annually, by 2035.

 

WHO European Region has identified three specific actions to counter current projections and help prevent this silent epidemic from getting worse: prevention is better than cure: efforts to reduce childhood obesity must start early, right from pregnancy and early childhood. Prevention needs to focus on good nutrition at all stages of a child’s life. Prevention efforts are also needed in homes, schools, and the wider community. Regulating the food and beverage industry: the most effective policies to tackle childhood obesity include imposing a tax on sugary drinks, requiring clear front-ofpackage labelling, and restricting marketing of unhealthy foods to children. Promoting physical activity: this includes better urban design and transportation policies, physical activity in the school curriculum and extra-curricular activities, and clear messaging to support active lifestyles throughout the life course.

Adapted from: 1 in 3 children overweight in the European region: WHO report. UN – UNITED NATIONS NEWS. Release date: May 10th, 2023. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/05/1136547. Access on May 30th, 2023.

Complete the sentences with any of these words: “theory”, “theoretical” or “theorize”.

 

I. When questions occurred to him, he began to read _________ explanations of what he was trying to say.

II. The professor explained the _________ basis for that specific chemistry experiment, so that the students would really understand why it worked as it did.

III. “I hate all this philosophical _________! I prefer practicing to have my own conclusions”, she said.

IV. It is easy to _________ about things that other people don’t know about.

V. Researchers usually say that every practice has its ________.

 

Choose the correct answer.

Texto

 

UN – United Nations News

 

May 10th, 2023

1 in 3 children overweight in the European region: WHO report

 

A new World Health Organization (WHO) report on obesity levels in Europe shows that roughly one in three primary school-aged children is living with obesity or are overweight, and this is only set to rise further. The WHO European Regional Obesity Report 2022 was launched by the spouses of 16 European leaders and Heads of State, in the Croatian capital. Childhood obesity data for WHO’s European Region paints an alarming picture. “Our children are increasingly growing up in environments that make it very difficult for them to eat well and be active. This is a root cause of the obesity epidemic,” said Dr Hans Henri P. Kluge, WHO Regional Director for Europe. “As societies and countries, we have so far failed to reverse the rising rates of childhood obesity, and that’s why WHO/Europe is here in Croatia, at the invitation of Professor Milanović, spouse of the President, to galvanize political support for this truly insidious public health crisis before it becomes even more difficult to address.” Based on current trends and looking exclusively at obesity in the WHO European Region, which covers 53 countries across Europe and Central Asia, the World Obesity Atlas 2023 published by the World Obesity Federation, projects that between 2020 and 2035, there will be:

 

• a 61% increase in the number of boys living with obesity,
• a 75% increase in the number of girls living with obesity,
• with a total 17 million boys and 11 million girls aged 5-19 living with obesity in the region in 2035.
• Issues involving being overweight and obesity across all age groups are projected to cost
the WHO European Region $800 billion annually, by 2035.

 

WHO European Region has identified three specific actions to counter current projections and help prevent this silent epidemic from getting worse: prevention is better than cure: efforts to reduce childhood obesity must start early, right from pregnancy and early childhood. Prevention needs to focus on good nutrition at all stages of a child’s life. Prevention efforts are also needed in homes, schools, and the wider community. Regulating the food and beverage industry: the most effective policies to tackle childhood obesity include imposing a tax on sugary drinks, requiring clear front-ofpackage labelling, and restricting marketing of unhealthy foods to children. Promoting physical activity: this includes better urban design and transportation policies, physical activity in the school curriculum and extra-curricular activities, and clear messaging to support active lifestyles throughout the life course.

Adapted from: 1 in 3 children overweight in the European region: WHO report. UN – UNITED NATIONS NEWS. Release date: May 10th, 2023. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/05/1136547. Access on May 30th, 2023.

Consider the following passage

 

In 1886, Josephine Cochrane invented a dishwashing machine. She had _________ in a very rich family and had never washed any dishes in her entire life. In fact, she was just upset because every dinner party in her house _________ with shattered expensive dishes that took months to be replaced. Cochrane decided to create a machine of wire compartments for plates, saucers, and cups. When she _________ the motor, the wheel rotated and _________ soap and water from the boiler. When restaurants, hotels, and inns _________ about her invention, they started asking how they could buy it. Josephine realized that she had _________ a very useful machine and patented her invention.

 

Mark the option that presents the Phrasal Verbs which appropriately fill the parentheses in the passage.