Questões de Inglês

Texto para as questão

        THE GREAT POWER OF NONVIOLENCE

1    It’s a philosophy that could be said to date back to Christ’s admonition to his followers to “turn the other cheek” [“dar a outra face”]. But the philosophy of nonviolence saw its most dramatic application in two powerful episodes of 20th-century history. Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948), leader of India’s movement to gain independence from Great Britain, once said, “There are many causes I am prepared to die for, but none I am prepared to kill for.” He first applied that philosophy to the independence struggle in the Non-Cooperation Movement, a campaign from 1920 to 1922 that rested on tactics like a consumer boycott of British-made goods and a call for Indians to withdraw from British institutions in India, including schools, courts, the civil service, and police forces. Gandhi called off the campaign after violent clashes [embates] between police and protesters led to deaths on both sides, making him fear that the movement was losing sight of its nonviolent principles. But he would later pursue other nonviolent campaigns that would result in Britain granting independence to India in 1947.

2    In the decade that followed, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-68) applied Gandhi’s methods to the struggle to win civil rights for African Americans. In the face of constant provocations, including beatings, shootings, and the bombing of a Birmingham, Alabama church, King led a nonviolent campaign of boycotts and civil disobedience that bore fruit [deu frutos] in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Like Gandhi, King would be assassinated. But the example of both men lives on as an inspiration to the world.

Adapted from 100 Great Ideas That Changed The World.

Texto para a questão.

        MONKEYS THAT PLAY TOGETHER STAY TOGETHER

                                                    By

                                           Brittany Steff

1    Play is a serious business [Brincar é negócio sério] through which young animals learn life skills. And it turns out that [acontece que] adult howler monkeys also rely on play to ease social tensions and avoid conflicts.

2    A team of scientists led by behavioral ecologist Norberto Asensio studied two species of wild howler monkeys: the Mexican howler monkey in Mexico and the golden-mantled howler monkey in Costa Rica. They tracked how much time monkeys spent playing and with whom.

3    Unlike many other monkey species, adult howler monkeys don’t spend time grooming [a prática pela qual um primata cuida do asseio de outro primata, catando piolhos, por exemplo] each other to solidify social bonds [ligações], and they don’t have established social and hierarchical roles. They need another way to build and maintain social networks.

4    The scientists found that there is a correlation between the time adults spend playing, the availability of sought-after [cobiçada] fruit, and the size of groups. Howler monkey diets consist primarily of leaves, yet they lack a specialized stomach to process them. They spend long periods resting to digest and extract energy from the tough cellulose of leaves. Fruit is an energy boost [estímulo], but it is a potential source of conflict and competition within the group.

5    “Maybe through play they keep the group together,” said Asensio. “Play, like grooming, is a way of getting close to another individual in a friendly way. No other behavior, at least in howler monkeys, allows them to do that. They need play because they don’t have another behavior to regulate social relationships.”

Adapted from Natural History, June 2020.

Texto para a questão.

        MONKEYS THAT PLAY TOGETHER STAY TOGETHER

                                                    By

                                           Brittany Steff

1    Play is a serious business [Brincar é negócio sério] through which young animals learn life skills. And it turns out that [acontece que] adult howler monkeys also rely on play to ease social tensions and avoid conflicts.

2    A team of scientists led by behavioral ecologist Norberto Asensio studied two species of wild howler monkeys: the Mexican howler monkey in Mexico and the golden-mantled howler monkey in Costa Rica. They tracked how much time monkeys spent playing and with whom.

3    Unlike many other monkey species, adult howler monkeys don’t spend time grooming [a prática pela qual um primata cuida do asseio de outro primata, catando piolhos, por exemplo] each other to solidify social bonds [ligações], and they don’t have established social and hierarchical roles. They need another way to build and maintain social networks.

4    The scientists found that there is a correlation between the time adults spend playing, the availability of sought-after [cobiçada] fruit, and the size of groups. Howler monkey diets consist primarily of leaves, yet they lack a specialized stomach to process them. They spend long periods resting to digest and extract energy from the tough cellulose of leaves. Fruit is an energy boost [estímulo], but it is a potential source of conflict and competition within the group.

5    “Maybe through play they keep the group together,” said Asensio. “Play, like grooming, is a way of getting close to another individual in a friendly way. No other behavior, at least in howler monkeys, allows them to do that. They need play because they don’t have another behavior to regulate social relationships.”

Adapted from Natural History, June 2020.

Texto para a questão.

        MONKEYS THAT PLAY TOGETHER STAY TOGETHER

                                                    By

                                           Brittany Steff

1    Play is a serious business [Brincar é negócio sério] through which young animals learn life skills. And it turns out that [acontece que] adult howler monkeys also rely on play to ease social tensions and avoid conflicts.

2    A team of scientists led by behavioral ecologist Norberto Asensio studied two species of wild howler monkeys: the Mexican howler monkey in Mexico and the golden-mantled howler monkey in Costa Rica. They tracked how much time monkeys spent playing and with whom.

3    Unlike many other monkey species, adult howler monkeys don’t spend time grooming [a prática pela qual um primata cuida do asseio de outro primata, catando piolhos, por exemplo] each other to solidify social bonds [ligações], and they don’t have established social and hierarchical roles. They need another way to build and maintain social networks.

4    The scientists found that there is a correlation between the time adults spend playing, the availability of sought-after [cobiçada] fruit, and the size of groups. Howler monkey diets consist primarily of leaves, yet they lack a specialized stomach to process them. They spend long periods resting to digest and extract energy from the tough cellulose of leaves. Fruit is an energy boost [estímulo], but it is a potential source of conflict and competition within the group.

5    “Maybe through play they keep the group together,” said Asensio. “Play, like grooming, is a way of getting close to another individual in a friendly way. No other behavior, at least in howler monkeys, allows them to do that. They need play because they don’t have another behavior to regulate social relationships.”

Adapted from Natural History, June 2020.

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        A TELEVISION DRAMA ABOUT TAIWANESE POLITICS

1    Presidential elections in Taiwan will soon take place. Functionaries in the two main parties frantically smear [mancham a reputação de] the rival candidate and scramble [se esforçam] to shape the image of their own candidate, hiring influencers, inventing catchy [cativantes] slogans, and filming touching [comoventes] moments with voters on the street. But there is one key difference between the universe of “Wave Makers,” a hit political drama that came out on Netflix in April, and Taiwanese reality: in the series, the China question, usually at the center of the island’s politics, does not exist.

2    This concept means that the focus is on domestic issues rather than grand matters of national identity or the threat of invasion. Drawing on deep research and interviews, the show zooms in on the sacrifices women are asked to make for supposedly important causes. It tells a hopeful story of one brave female character standing up for [defendendo] another woman.

3    The fictional election is a vehicle to examine thorny [espinhosas] questions of politics and morality. How much should people be willing to give up for the sake of a wider goal? Where is the line between pragmatic compromise and hypocrisy? All the characters wrestle with clashes [conflitos, embates] between their political mission and personal ideals. The liberal presidential nominee is against the death penalty but fears to say so in public. A young campaigner is castigated as unethical by his friends for missing protests because he was busy making party-propaganda videos. His well worn [bem usada] answer is that power, not protests, brings change.

Adapted from The Economist, June 24, 2023.

Texto para a questão.

        A TELEVISION DRAMA ABOUT TAIWANESE POLITICS

1    Presidential elections in Taiwan will soon take place. Functionaries in the two main parties frantically smear [mancham a reputação de] the rival candidate and scramble [se esforçam] to shape the image of their own candidate, hiring influencers, inventing catchy [cativantes] slogans, and filming touching [comoventes] moments with voters on the street. But there is one key difference between the universe of “Wave Makers,” a hit political drama that came out on Netflix in April, and Taiwanese reality: in the series, the China question, usually at the center of the island’s politics, does not exist.

2    This concept means that the focus is on domestic issues rather than grand matters of national identity or the threat of invasion. Drawing on deep research and interviews, the show zooms in on the sacrifices women are asked to make for supposedly important causes. It tells a hopeful story of one brave female character standing up for [defendendo] another woman.

3    The fictional election is a vehicle to examine thorny [espinhosas] questions of politics and morality. How much should people be willing to give up for the sake of a wider goal? Where is the line between pragmatic compromise and hypocrisy? All the characters wrestle with clashes [conflitos, embates] between their political mission and personal ideals. The liberal presidential nominee is against the death penalty but fears to say so in public. A young campaigner is castigated as unethical by his friends for missing protests because he was busy making party-propaganda videos. His well worn [bem usada] answer is that power, not protests, brings change.

Adapted from The Economist, June 24, 2023.