Questões de Inglês

The sentence in which the boldfaced item expresses strong necessity is

                      How life for animals changed when humans stayed home during the pandemic

 

[1]    Bears roaming the streets of Italy. Pumas prowling cities in California. Goats taking over towns in Wales. As people hunkered at home to stop the spread of the coronavirus in early 2020, they swapped stories online of wildlife reclaiming urban spaces outside their windows. Now a massive study of GPS tracking data on bears, deer, elephants, giraffes and some 40 other terrestrial mammals around the world confirms many animals roamed further and appeared to act more at ease without humans around.

    “It’s obvious that we’re having an impact on animal behavior,” said Marlee Tucker, an ecologist at Radboud University in the Netherlands who led the study published in the journal Science on Thursday. What is more surprising, she added, is that even “small changes in our behavior could actually be quite beneficial” for wildlife.

    The unprecedented and accidental experiment that was the coronavirus pandemic allowed the ecologists to show how perceptive other creatures are to the presence of humans — and how quickly they can alter their behavior when we aren’t bothering them. The work, which involved 175 wildlife researchers, suggests new ways to protect wildlife now that the pandemic is over — without, that is, having to urge everyone to stay at home again.

    “The most striking thing was that the responses were occurring over a very short period of time,” said Colleen Cassady St. Clair, a professor of biological sciences at the University of Alberta who was not involved in writing the paper. “And it suggests that several species are very reactive to human activity.”

[5]    A growing body of research into the slowdown in human activity during the pandemic — a brief period scientists call the “anthropause” — shows the complex ways ecosystems responded when they were suddenly devoid of people. Sometimes, the absence of humans was a beneficial reprieve for wildlife. At other times, the anthropause came at animals’ detriment.

    Like a lot of the best science, it began by accident. In the years leading up to 2020, dozens of scientists around the world put tracking collars on elephants, giraffes, bears, deer, lions and other animals for their own separate research projects. At the time, none of them suspected their data would help us understand the effects of a global health crisis. But once covid began sweeping the globe, Tucker started making calls and sending emails to researchers tracking wildlife. Having spent much of her career studying wildlife movements around humans, she and her colleagues knew the pandemic was “quite a unique opportunity.”

    In total, the GPS coordinates the team gathered from 2,300 terrestrial mammals showed a wide variety of responses, but a few trends emerged. Many animals became more adventurous during the beginning of the pandemic, traveling distances up to 73 percent longer compared to the year prior in areas with the strictest covid orders.

    Although the tracked animals roamed longer distances, they moved less during short, one-hour timespans because fewer people were around to spook them. And with fewer cars on the roads, many animals also inched closer to normally bustling thoroughfares in search of food and other resources.

 

    “That kind of blew my mind — that kind of insidious effect of traffic,” said Amanda Bates, a biology professor at the University of Victoria who helped coin the term anthropause.

[10]    For many species, the hiatus from humans was clearly a boon. Sea turtles in Florida, for instance, appeared to thrive after beachgoers packed up their umbrellas, other researchers have shown. The same was true for turtles on the Greek island of Zakynthos. But ecosystems are complicated, with humans wittingly (or unwittingly) playing a role. For instance, researchers working to protect seabirds by ridding Gough Island in the Atlantic of invasive mice had to postpone the project during the pandemic.

    For St. Clair, the ill effects road traffic has on wildlife underscores the need for physical barriers — for the protection of both animals and the people that can crash into them. “A good solution for coexistence with wildlife, especially wildlife that can inflict injuries on people, is to have quite clear segregation,” she said.

    Another lesson of the covid closures: Sometimes it’s good just to give wildlife more space to be wild. That’s especially true during key survival moments, said Tucker, the lead author on the most recent paper. It may be good to close down, say, a beach or a forest during a migratory or breeding season “so that animals can do their thing in peace,” she said. “There could be certain times of the year that we just have to shift our behavior for a week or two.”

Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-envi ronment/2023/06/08/covid-lockdowns-wildlife/. Retrieved on: June 17, 2023.

In the fragment “the ill effects road traffic has on wildlife underscores the need for physical barriers” (paragraph 11), underscores can be replaced, without change in meaning, by

                      How life for animals changed when humans stayed home during the pandemic

 

[1]    Bears roaming the streets of Italy. Pumas prowling cities in California. Goats taking over towns in Wales. As people hunkered at home to stop the spread of the coronavirus in early 2020, they swapped stories online of wildlife reclaiming urban spaces outside their windows. Now a massive study of GPS tracking data on bears, deer, elephants, giraffes and some 40 other terrestrial mammals around the world confirms many animals roamed further and appeared to act more at ease without humans around.

    “It’s obvious that we’re having an impact on animal behavior,” said Marlee Tucker, an ecologist at Radboud University in the Netherlands who led the study published in the journal Science on Thursday. What is more surprising, she added, is that even “small changes in our behavior could actually be quite beneficial” for wildlife.

    The unprecedented and accidental experiment that was the coronavirus pandemic allowed the ecologists to show how perceptive other creatures are to the presence of humans — and how quickly they can alter their behavior when we aren’t bothering them. The work, which involved 175 wildlife researchers, suggests new ways to protect wildlife now that the pandemic is over — without, that is, having to urge everyone to stay at home again.

    “The most striking thing was that the responses were occurring over a very short period of time,” said Colleen Cassady St. Clair, a professor of biological sciences at the University of Alberta who was not involved in writing the paper. “And it suggests that several species are very reactive to human activity.”

[5]    A growing body of research into the slowdown in human activity during the pandemic — a brief period scientists call the “anthropause” — shows the complex ways ecosystems responded when they were suddenly devoid of people. Sometimes, the absence of humans was a beneficial reprieve for wildlife. At other times, the anthropause came at animals’ detriment.

    Like a lot of the best science, it began by accident. In the years leading up to 2020, dozens of scientists around the world put tracking collars on elephants, giraffes, bears, deer, lions and other animals for their own separate research projects. At the time, none of them suspected their data would help us understand the effects of a global health crisis. But once covid began sweeping the globe, Tucker started making calls and sending emails to researchers tracking wildlife. Having spent much of her career studying wildlife movements around humans, she and her colleagues knew the pandemic was “quite a unique opportunity.”

    In total, the GPS coordinates the team gathered from 2,300 terrestrial mammals showed a wide variety of responses, but a few trends emerged. Many animals became more adventurous during the beginning of the pandemic, traveling distances up to 73 percent longer compared to the year prior in areas with the strictest covid orders.

    Although the tracked animals roamed longer distances, they moved less during short, one-hour timespans because fewer people were around to spook them. And with fewer cars on the roads, many animals also inched closer to normally bustling thoroughfares in search of food and other resources.

 

    “That kind of blew my mind — that kind of insidious effect of traffic,” said Amanda Bates, a biology professor at the University of Victoria who helped coin the term anthropause.

[10]    For many species, the hiatus from humans was clearly a boon. Sea turtles in Florida, for instance, appeared to thrive after beachgoers packed up their umbrellas, other researchers have shown. The same was true for turtles on the Greek island of Zakynthos. But ecosystems are complicated, with humans wittingly (or unwittingly) playing a role. For instance, researchers working to protect seabirds by ridding Gough Island in the Atlantic of invasive mice had to postpone the project during the pandemic.

    For St. Clair, the ill effects road traffic has on wildlife underscores the need for physical barriers — for the protection of both animals and the people that can crash into them. “A good solution for coexistence with wildlife, especially wildlife that can inflict injuries on people, is to have quite clear segregation,” she said.

    Another lesson of the covid closures: Sometimes it’s good just to give wildlife more space to be wild. That’s especially true during key survival moments, said Tucker, the lead author on the most recent paper. It may be good to close down, say, a beach or a forest during a migratory or breeding season “so that animals can do their thing in peace,” she said. “There could be certain times of the year that we just have to shift our behavior for a week or two.”

Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-envi ronment/2023/06/08/covid-lockdowns-wildlife/. Retrieved on: June 17, 2023.

Sea turtles in Florida and turtles on the Greek island of Zakynthos are mentioned in paragraph 10 to illustrate the fact that

                      How life for animals changed when humans stayed home during the pandemic

 

[1]    Bears roaming the streets of Italy. Pumas prowling cities in California. Goats taking over towns in Wales. As people hunkered at home to stop the spread of the coronavirus in early 2020, they swapped stories online of wildlife reclaiming urban spaces outside their windows. Now a massive study of GPS tracking data on bears, deer, elephants, giraffes and some 40 other terrestrial mammals around the world confirms many animals roamed further and appeared to act more at ease without humans around.

    “It’s obvious that we’re having an impact on animal behavior,” said Marlee Tucker, an ecologist at Radboud University in the Netherlands who led the study published in the journal Science on Thursday. What is more surprising, she added, is that even “small changes in our behavior could actually be quite beneficial” for wildlife.

    The unprecedented and accidental experiment that was the coronavirus pandemic allowed the ecologists to show how perceptive other creatures are to the presence of humans — and how quickly they can alter their behavior when we aren’t bothering them. The work, which involved 175 wildlife researchers, suggests new ways to protect wildlife now that the pandemic is over — without, that is, having to urge everyone to stay at home again.

    “The most striking thing was that the responses were occurring over a very short period of time,” said Colleen Cassady St. Clair, a professor of biological sciences at the University of Alberta who was not involved in writing the paper. “And it suggests that several species are very reactive to human activity.”

[5]    A growing body of research into the slowdown in human activity during the pandemic — a brief period scientists call the “anthropause” — shows the complex ways ecosystems responded when they were suddenly devoid of people. Sometimes, the absence of humans was a beneficial reprieve for wildlife. At other times, the anthropause came at animals’ detriment.

    Like a lot of the best science, it began by accident. In the years leading up to 2020, dozens of scientists around the world put tracking collars on elephants, giraffes, bears, deer, lions and other animals for their own separate research projects. At the time, none of them suspected their data would help us understand the effects of a global health crisis. But once covid began sweeping the globe, Tucker started making calls and sending emails to researchers tracking wildlife. Having spent much of her career studying wildlife movements around humans, she and her colleagues knew the pandemic was “quite a unique opportunity.”

    In total, the GPS coordinates the team gathered from 2,300 terrestrial mammals showed a wide variety of responses, but a few trends emerged. Many animals became more adventurous during the beginning of the pandemic, traveling distances up to 73 percent longer compared to the year prior in areas with the strictest covid orders.

    Although the tracked animals roamed longer distances, they moved less during short, one-hour timespans because fewer people were around to spook them. And with fewer cars on the roads, many animals also inched closer to normally bustling thoroughfares in search of food and other resources.

 

    “That kind of blew my mind — that kind of insidious effect of traffic,” said Amanda Bates, a biology professor at the University of Victoria who helped coin the term anthropause.

[10]    For many species, the hiatus from humans was clearly a boon. Sea turtles in Florida, for instance, appeared to thrive after beachgoers packed up their umbrellas, other researchers have shown. The same was true for turtles on the Greek island of Zakynthos. But ecosystems are complicated, with humans wittingly (or unwittingly) playing a role. For instance, researchers working to protect seabirds by ridding Gough Island in the Atlantic of invasive mice had to postpone the project during the pandemic.

    For St. Clair, the ill effects road traffic has on wildlife underscores the need for physical barriers — for the protection of both animals and the people that can crash into them. “A good solution for coexistence with wildlife, especially wildlife that can inflict injuries on people, is to have quite clear segregation,” she said.

    Another lesson of the covid closures: Sometimes it’s good just to give wildlife more space to be wild. That’s especially true during key survival moments, said Tucker, the lead author on the most recent paper. It may be good to close down, say, a beach or a forest during a migratory or breeding season “so that animals can do their thing in peace,” she said. “There could be certain times of the year that we just have to shift our behavior for a week or two.”

Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-envi ronment/2023/06/08/covid-lockdowns-wildlife/. Retrieved on: June 17, 2023.

According to the text, the anthropause was a term coined by scientists to refer to the

                      How life for animals changed when humans stayed home during the pandemic

 

[1]    Bears roaming the streets of Italy. Pumas prowling cities in California. Goats taking over towns in Wales. As people hunkered at home to stop the spread of the coronavirus in early 2020, they swapped stories online of wildlife reclaiming urban spaces outside their windows. Now a massive study of GPS tracking data on bears, deer, elephants, giraffes and some 40 other terrestrial mammals around the world confirms many animals roamed further and appeared to act more at ease without humans around.

    “It’s obvious that we’re having an impact on animal behavior,” said Marlee Tucker, an ecologist at Radboud University in the Netherlands who led the study published in the journal Science on Thursday. What is more surprising, she added, is that even “small changes in our behavior could actually be quite beneficial” for wildlife.

    The unprecedented and accidental experiment that was the coronavirus pandemic allowed the ecologists to show how perceptive other creatures are to the presence of humans — and how quickly they can alter their behavior when we aren’t bothering them. The work, which involved 175 wildlife researchers, suggests new ways to protect wildlife now that the pandemic is over — without, that is, having to urge everyone to stay at home again.

    “The most striking thing was that the responses were occurring over a very short period of time,” said Colleen Cassady St. Clair, a professor of biological sciences at the University of Alberta who was not involved in writing the paper. “And it suggests that several species are very reactive to human activity.”

[5]    A growing body of research into the slowdown in human activity during the pandemic — a brief period scientists call the “anthropause” — shows the complex ways ecosystems responded when they were suddenly devoid of people. Sometimes, the absence of humans was a beneficial reprieve for wildlife. At other times, the anthropause came at animals’ detriment.

    Like a lot of the best science, it began by accident. In the years leading up to 2020, dozens of scientists around the world put tracking collars on elephants, giraffes, bears, deer, lions and other animals for their own separate research projects. At the time, none of them suspected their data would help us understand the effects of a global health crisis. But once covid began sweeping the globe, Tucker started making calls and sending emails to researchers tracking wildlife. Having spent much of her career studying wildlife movements around humans, she and her colleagues knew the pandemic was “quite a unique opportunity.”

    In total, the GPS coordinates the team gathered from 2,300 terrestrial mammals showed a wide variety of responses, but a few trends emerged. Many animals became more adventurous during the beginning of the pandemic, traveling distances up to 73 percent longer compared to the year prior in areas with the strictest covid orders.

    Although the tracked animals roamed longer distances, they moved less during short, one-hour timespans because fewer people were around to spook them. And with fewer cars on the roads, many animals also inched closer to normally bustling thoroughfares in search of food and other resources.

 

    “That kind of blew my mind — that kind of insidious effect of traffic,” said Amanda Bates, a biology professor at the University of Victoria who helped coin the term anthropause.

[10]    For many species, the hiatus from humans was clearly a boon. Sea turtles in Florida, for instance, appeared to thrive after beachgoers packed up their umbrellas, other researchers have shown. The same was true for turtles on the Greek island of Zakynthos. But ecosystems are complicated, with humans wittingly (or unwittingly) playing a role. For instance, researchers working to protect seabirds by ridding Gough Island in the Atlantic of invasive mice had to postpone the project during the pandemic.

    For St. Clair, the ill effects road traffic has on wildlife underscores the need for physical barriers — for the protection of both animals and the people that can crash into them. “A good solution for coexistence with wildlife, especially wildlife that can inflict injuries on people, is to have quite clear segregation,” she said.

    Another lesson of the covid closures: Sometimes it’s good just to give wildlife more space to be wild. That’s especially true during key survival moments, said Tucker, the lead author on the most recent paper. It may be good to close down, say, a beach or a forest during a migratory or breeding season “so that animals can do their thing in peace,” she said. “There could be certain times of the year that we just have to shift our behavior for a week or two.”

Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-envi ronment/2023/06/08/covid-lockdowns-wildlife/. Retrieved on: June 17, 2023.

In the fragment “and how quickly they can alter their behavior when we aren’t bothering them.” (paragraph 3), the boldfaced pronoun refers to

Based on the facts in the articles, the situations below would never happen, or we would never see, except one. Choose the exception.