Questões de Inglês

Analise a intervenção artística de Banksy.

https://tinyurl.com/4z2wpr4u> Acesso em: 24.08.2023. Original colorido.

 

A linguagem verbal e a não-verbal denotam que

RE-EMERGING DISEASES

 

By Robyn Correll, MPH

 

    In the past century or so, humans have fought, and won, their fair share of battles with diseases. Vaccines defeated smallpox, antibiotics conquered Scarlet Fever, and insecticide scaled back mosquito-borne illnesses. Despite these successes, some diseases appear to be making a comeback. Outbreaks of measles and mumps have made more than a few headlines of late, for example.

    One of the greatest public health achievements in history, vaccines are credited for the massive decline of potentially dangerous diseases like measles and polio. But, although the majority of families embrace vaccination, a growing number appear to be delaying or forgoing vaccines altogether, due to a misunderstanding of the safety, effectiveness, and necessity of vaccination.

    In Texas, for example, the number of students with nonmedical exemptions to school vaccine requirements has skyrocketed from just 10,404 in 2007 to 52,756 in 2017. While the overall vaccination rate for measles in Texas held fairly steady between 2007 and 2017, with a rate of about 97% for students, research shows that unvaccinated individuals tend to cluster in the same communities and schools. This results in a breakdown of protective herd immunity, leaving those individuals vulnerable to outbreaks of disease.

    According to a review published in JAMA, high numbers of vaccine refusers in a given community increase the risk of measles not just for unvaccinated individuals, but for vaccinated people too. That’s because no vaccine is 100% effective. Some people who receive the vaccine might not respond to it and could get sick anyway if they are exposed to the virus. And many of the individuals involved in recent outbreaks of mumps and pertussis have been at least partially vaccinated. Does that mean that the vaccine doesn’t work?

    Pertussis vaccines are about 80% to 90% effective when they’re first given. Mumps vaccines are about 88% effective after two doses. As time goes on, however, research suggests that immunity wanes, and more doses might be needed to protect against outbreaks.

    Additionally, while some of these pathogens are, indeed, showing signs of a resurgence, many more are conquered every day through large-scale and coordinated public health efforts and the significance of this success shouldn’t be overlooked.

Adapted from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-some-diseases-are-re-emerging-4151072 Accessed 5 February 2022

“While the overall vaccination rate for measles in Texas held fairly steady between 2007 and 2017, with a rate of about 97% for students, research shows that unvaccinated individuals tend to cluster in the same communities and schools”

 

The function of the underlined word is to introduce a:

How dangerous are e-cigarettes?

 

(1ˢᵗ §) In some countries, electronic cigarettes only started to become widely used recently. In Sweden, for instance, it only became legal to sell over the counter in 2016 and only two percent of the population are users. In the United Kingdom it is much more common, and in the USA the market is exploding, including among young people.

(2ⁿᵈ §) Regular smoking causes chronic arterial stiffness, and the stiffer the arteries, the greater the risk of a heart attack and stroke. Studies have shown that a temporary increase in arterial stiffness could be observed in people exposed to e-cigarettes. The stiffness was apparent following e-cigarettes with nicotine, but not without, so, it is believed that it is the nicotine that is harmful to the arteries. A group of stem cells, called EPC cells, whose task in the body is vascular repair, tends to increase sharply in number after heart attacks and it can be noted that these cells increase after e-cigarette use, which may indicate vascular irritation or damage.

(3ʳᵈ §) Long-term studies are lacking, but by extracting respiratory cells from individuals, it was possible to expose them to e-cigarette vapour for an extended period. It was then observed that the cells exhibited impaired function but also that there was damage to the DNA. Analyses of the e-cigarette vapour were carried out and it could be observed that it contained many harmful particles and also some levels of the so-called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which may potentially have carcinogenic effects.

(4ᵗʰ §) Regular cigarettes are very dangerous and e-cigarettes are probably less harmful. On the other hand, within the tobacco industry, it is believed that e-cigarettes can be used as a way to quit smoking, but it is doubtful whether this works. Findings suggest that most people intending to quit smoking end up using both regular cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Moreover, nicotine is a very addictive substance, so there is a fear that e-cigarettes could act as a gateway to tobacco cigarettes, marijuana and other drugs.

Adapted from: https://ki.se/en/research/how-dangerous-are-e-cigarettes. Accessed September 4 2023.

The main purpose of the article is:

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

 

    Being based on a doll really hurt Barbie at the Oscars. Although the film was nominated for best picture, Greta Gerwig was snubbed as director and Margot Robbie left out of the best actress category, omissions that caused a flood of outrage on the internet and from their colleagues. The Associated Press called Gerwig’s snub “one of the biggest shocks in recent memory”. Some fans took it out on Ken. As USA Today pointed out, quoting a user on X, Ryan Gosling being nominated for supporting actor while Gerwig and Robbie were left out “kind of proves the point of the movie”, that the patriarchy is still with us. Gosling, Ken himself, said in a statement: “There is no Barbie movie without Greta Gerwig and Margot Robbie, the two people most responsible for this history-making, globally-celebrated film”.

    The film industry’s lingering sexism may have been a factor, but that only contributed to the fundamental problem. Despite that best picture nod, Oscar voters refused to take the toy-based film seriously, ignoring how inventive it is, dismissing it as a billion-dollar popcorn movie when it is also a funny, subversive cultural statement.

(Caryn James. www.bbc.com, 24.01.2024. Adaptado.)

No excerto do primeiro parágrafo “Some fans took it out on Ken”, a expressão sublinhada equivale, em português, a

Leia a tirinha de Bill Watterson para responder à questão.

(https://medium.com. Adaptado.)

O teor da tirinha aproxima-se do conteúdo do seguinte ditado popular:

Leia um trecho da crônica “Growing Up in the Digital Age” para responder à questão.

 

    Growing up, teachers have always told me to be careful and “not believe everything you read on the Internet”. While I am considered a “90’s kid” despite being born three days before the start of the new millennium, I also grew up in the age of smartphones, computers, and, most importantly, the Internet.

    However, before I get to how technology greatly changed my life, let’s go back to the day when I first came into this world, in a hospital not too far from my home in Tianjin, China.

    My brief childhood there was extensively documented through pictures and pixelated home videos as I would be immigrating to Canada when I turned three. My parents wanted me to be able to look back when I was older and remember how we celebrated Chinese traditions and holidays.

    Life was simpler back then; I would spend most of my time playing with wooden blocks, digging holes in the sand, and going with my parents to get popsicles from the local convenience store.

    Upon coming to Canada, I realized that my life was going to be significantly different than in China. Coming home back from school, I would sit in front of the old chunky boxed television and watch Pokémon. I remember getting my first Nintendo Gameboy Color and having only one game to play because my parents didn’t want it to rot my brain.

    Fast Forward to now, technology and social media play a huge role in my daily life. Especially during quarantine, most of my time is spent keeping up with the latest news updates, checking in with friends and family across the world, and staying at home watching Netflix.

(Angela Wen. https://medium.com, 15.05.2020. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o quarto e quinto parágrafos da crônica, a autora