Questões de Inglês

Countries are already experiencing significant health system disruptions – WHO

 

    The World Health Organization (WHO) issues warning on health service disruptions reported in 70% of its surveyed country offices as a result of sudden suspensions and reductions in official development assistance (ODA) for health.

    The findings, based on rapid WHO assessment of the fast evolving situation, raise concern for potentially deeper and prolonged effects on health systems and services across the world, especially in vulnerable and fragile settings. This requires urgent action and international response.

    The new rapid stock take conducted in March–April 2025 with 108 WHO country offices, primarily in low- and lower-middle income countries, shows that many countries are working to increase or reallocate funding from domestic and alternative external sources to address gaps. However, up to 24% of WHO Country Office responses suggest budget cuts are already translating into increased out-of-pocket payments. The poor and vulnerable likely risk bearing the additional brunt of these impacts.

Disponível em: https://www.who.int/news/item/10-04-2025-countries-are-already-experiencing significant-health-system-disruptions---who. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2025. Adaptado.

 

What does the text recommend to deal with the health service disruptions?

Leading Global Teams Effectively

 

Avoid the Western assumptions that often derail cross-cultural work. by David Livermore

 

    Western managers leading global teams face a challenge: Their expertise and training usually are rooted in individualistic contexts and emphasize values such as autonomy, empowerment, egalitarianism, and authenticity. Yet more than 70% of the world’s workforce comes from collectivist and hierarchical cultures. To be successful, managers need to develop “cultural intelligence” — a fluency in adapting to culturally complex situations. A good starting point is to understand four common mistakes that derail Western leaders: Too much autonomy. Autonomy is not equally motivating for everyone. Some individuals thrive when given clear processes and struggle to be productive in the absence of directive leadership. Too much psychological safety. People from collectivist cultures are often uncomfortable with an emphasis on open debate and frank speaking. Too much emphasis on differences. When people become overconfident in their understanding of differences, it can lead to rigid thinking in which behavior is reduced to stereotypes. Too much transparency. For people from face-saving cultures, it can be disorienting to hear a leader speak candidly about a mistake. Cultural intelligence is the key to navigating these complexities on cross-cultural teams.

Disponível em: https://hbr.org/2025/05/leading-global-teams-effectively. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2025. Adaptado

 

According to the text, what is the general advice for Western managers leading global teams?

Experimental GLP-1 pill helped people with diabetes lose weight and lower blood sugar, Eli Lilly says

 

    Drugmaker Eli Lilly said Thursday that an experimental pill form of popular GLP-1 medications helped people with type 2 diabetes lose an average of nearly 8% of their body weight after 40 weeks and lowered their A1C levels.

    Lilly, which makes the injectable drugs Zepbound to treat obesity and Mounjaro and Trulicity to treat diabetes, is among several companies chasing an effective pill form of GLP-1s. The only such pill available so far comes with strict diet restrictions.

Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/17/health/eli-lilly-weight-loss-glp-1-pill orforglipron/index.html. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2025. Adaptado.

 

In the passage, the term “chasing” means

According to the article, ensuring that mental health personnel are prepared for the integration of AI technology is identified as a crucial step to:

        Artificial intelligence is set to transform mental health services

      Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Meera Narasimhan, Mary V. Seeman and Haitham Jahrami

 

¹ In the aftermath of the global COVID-19 crisis, the need for mental health services has risen sharply throughout the world. This surge has resulted in most jurisdictions having insufficient mental health resources to address the increased demand. Consequently, many mental illnesses go undiagnosed or receive inaccurate diagnoses. When untreated or undertreated, these dysfunctions worsen, causing increasing distress, raising treatment costs, reducing productivity, and, too often, resulting in loss of life.

² Thankfully, artificial intelligence (AI) has come to the rescue, using computational tools and algorithms to assist with individual diagnosis and refine psychiatric diagnostic categories. In the intricate art of pattern recognition, AI far surpasses humans, whose attempts in the field of mental health have often fallen short of expectations. AI has the potential to turn this situation around. Currently, telephone- and internet-based chatbots assist with access to needed information, support, and guidance, offering non-judgmental, unbiased, and personalized care using algorithms analogous to psychotherapeutic skills such as empathy, patience, humor, and positive feedback. By utilizing big data from anonymized patient medical records, social media posts, blogs, and surveys, AI can easily arrive at working diagnoses at early stages of a disorder, reducing treatment costs and improving prognosis.

³ Dynamic therapeutic resources such as virtual reality (VR) tools and natural language processing (NLP) strategies are AI specialties. These tools may, in the future, yield significant benefits for the delivery of psychiatric services. For example, they could enable individualized personal therapy and a variety of other psychiatric interventions tailored to the needs of individual patients. Additionally, as has already been shown in Alzheimer's disease, AI reading of brain scans will improve diagnostic accuracy. With diagnostic precision comes the effective management of currently unresponsive psychiatric conditions.

⁴ AI can enhance many aspects of mental health care. The list of possibilities is long. AI can contribute to the early detection of mental disorders, refine diagnostic categories, improve the accuracy of diagnosis, personalize treatment plans, recognize risks, and predict outcomes. It can also provide remote support and monitoring, expand treatment access and affordability, and facilitate data-driven interventions. AI may substantially improve mental healthcare delivery by analyzing patient health information (PHI) such as laboratory results, interpreting imaging data, and capturing electronic health record (EHR) information to detect real-time data (RTD) trends, patterns, and problems. Beyond capturing data, AI can classify it, track progress and retrogression, and recommend treatment changes. AI algorithms can forecast probable events and provide actionable recommendations for effective triage and the prevention of tragic outcomes.

⁵ AI may prove extremely useful in self-assessment and self-management by equipping patients with tools to automate daily routines and manage distressing features of chronic or recurrent disorders. While more evidence-based studies are awaited, AI is already expanding access to mental health care. However, challenges such as ethical quandaries, privacy threats, robotic care, potential bias, inability to adapt to patient context, increasing dependence on technology, and the possibility of error must be acknowledged. The lack of regulatory frameworks and the need for ongoing oversight are also significant concerns to ensure AI applications in mental health are safe, effective, and equitable.

⁶ An obvious problem of implementation is that few mental health personnel are trained in AI technology, making it vital that training be mandatory, and providers be incentivized to keep up with technological advances. Psychologists and psychiatrists must stay current in this fast-moving field to ensure individuals receive the best care possible, integrating modern technology into psychiatric training and continuing education. While it remains unclear whether AI will be adopted in mental healthcare delivery, its presence and expansion are unquestionable. Understanding the trends, gaps, opportunities, challenges, and weaknesses of AI is essential as rules, guidelines, standards, policies, and regulatory frameworks evolve and scale upwards, requiring mental health practitioners to be ready.

PANDI-PERUMAL, Seithikurippu R. et al. Artificial intelligence is set to transform mental health services. CNS spectrums, v. 29, n. 3, p. 155-157, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852923002456. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2024. Adaptado.

Based on the article, one of the challenges associated with AI in mental health care is:

        Artificial intelligence is set to transform mental health services

      Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Meera Narasimhan, Mary V. Seeman and Haitham Jahrami

 

¹ In the aftermath of the global COVID-19 crisis, the need for mental health services has risen sharply throughout the world. This surge has resulted in most jurisdictions having insufficient mental health resources to address the increased demand. Consequently, many mental illnesses go undiagnosed or receive inaccurate diagnoses. When untreated or undertreated, these dysfunctions worsen, causing increasing distress, raising treatment costs, reducing productivity, and, too often, resulting in loss of life.

² Thankfully, artificial intelligence (AI) has come to the rescue, using computational tools and algorithms to assist with individual diagnosis and refine psychiatric diagnostic categories. In the intricate art of pattern recognition, AI far surpasses humans, whose attempts in the field of mental health have often fallen short of expectations. AI has the potential to turn this situation around. Currently, telephone- and internet-based chatbots assist with access to needed information, support, and guidance, offering non-judgmental, unbiased, and personalized care using algorithms analogous to psychotherapeutic skills such as empathy, patience, humor, and positive feedback. By utilizing big data from anonymized patient medical records, social media posts, blogs, and surveys, AI can easily arrive at working diagnoses at early stages of a disorder, reducing treatment costs and improving prognosis.

³ Dynamic therapeutic resources such as virtual reality (VR) tools and natural language processing (NLP) strategies are AI specialties. These tools may, in the future, yield significant benefits for the delivery of psychiatric services. For example, they could enable individualized personal therapy and a variety of other psychiatric interventions tailored to the needs of individual patients. Additionally, as has already been shown in Alzheimer's disease, AI reading of brain scans will improve diagnostic accuracy. With diagnostic precision comes the effective management of currently unresponsive psychiatric conditions.

⁴ AI can enhance many aspects of mental health care. The list of possibilities is long. AI can contribute to the early detection of mental disorders, refine diagnostic categories, improve the accuracy of diagnosis, personalize treatment plans, recognize risks, and predict outcomes. It can also provide remote support and monitoring, expand treatment access and affordability, and facilitate data-driven interventions. AI may substantially improve mental healthcare delivery by analyzing patient health information (PHI) such as laboratory results, interpreting imaging data, and capturing electronic health record (EHR) information to detect real-time data (RTD) trends, patterns, and problems. Beyond capturing data, AI can classify it, track progress and retrogression, and recommend treatment changes. AI algorithms can forecast probable events and provide actionable recommendations for effective triage and the prevention of tragic outcomes.

⁵ AI may prove extremely useful in self-assessment and self-management by equipping patients with tools to automate daily routines and manage distressing features of chronic or recurrent disorders. While more evidence-based studies are awaited, AI is already expanding access to mental health care. However, challenges such as ethical quandaries, privacy threats, robotic care, potential bias, inability to adapt to patient context, increasing dependence on technology, and the possibility of error must be acknowledged. The lack of regulatory frameworks and the need for ongoing oversight are also significant concerns to ensure AI applications in mental health are safe, effective, and equitable.

⁶ An obvious problem of implementation is that few mental health personnel are trained in AI technology, making it vital that training be mandatory, and providers be incentivized to keep up with technological advances. Psychologists and psychiatrists must stay current in this fast-moving field to ensure individuals receive the best care possible, integrating modern technology into psychiatric training and continuing education. While it remains unclear whether AI will be adopted in mental healthcare delivery, its presence and expansion are unquestionable. Understanding the trends, gaps, opportunities, challenges, and weaknesses of AI is essential as rules, guidelines, standards, policies, and regulatory frameworks evolve and scale upwards, requiring mental health practitioners to be ready.

PANDI-PERUMAL, Seithikurippu R. et al. Artificial intelligence is set to transform mental health services. CNS spectrums, v. 29, n. 3, p. 155-157, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852923002456. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2024. Adaptado.

In the passage on paragraph 3, line 01: "Dynamic therapeutic resources such as virtual reality (VR) tools and natural language processing (NLP) strategies are AI specialties." Which pronoun refers to "Dynamic therapeutic resources"?