Questões de Inglês

Identify the sentence where the choice of phrasal verb conveys the closest meaning to "become well known".

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A sequência em quadrinhos mostra a conversa de um casal. Em determinado momento, o esposo apresenta uma tese comportamental, comprovada durante a conversa. A tese defendida é a crítica à existência de pessoas que

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As expressões “older” e “smaller” se enquadram na mesma regra gramatical como exemplos de

    What is fatal familial insomnia?

 

In the mid‑1980s, a family with a mysterious problem lived in a small town in Italy. For many years, members of this family had trouble sleeping, but no one knew why. One day, a family member named Silvano decided to find out what was causing this strange problem. Silvano traveled to the city of Bologna to meet with the best sleep doctors. He told them all about his family’s mystery.

The doctors were intrigued by Silvano’s story and immediately began to study his case. After much research, the doctors discovered something never seen before: a tiny change in a special gene passed down from generation to generation in Silvano’s family, which stopped them from sleeping. They called this disease fatal familial insomnia (FFI).

Fatal familial insomnia is an extremely rare disease. Like many other rare diseases, FFI is passed on through the DNA from parents to their children. The symptoms of FFI start slowly and get worse over time. People with FFI start to have difficulty falling and / or staying asleep, and then, as it gets worse, they may suddenly fall asleep without warning. People with FFI also tend to develop other problems like a fast heartbeat; high blood pressure; hormonal, mood and behavior swings; anxiety; excessive sweating; and trouble thinking clearly and moving their bodies. The symptoms usually start between the ages of 51 and 60, although rarely they can start as early as 18 – 20 years old. FFI affects both men and women equally. To date, more than 70 families around the world have been found to have FFI.

[...]

Although there is still no cure for FFI, research is happening all over the world. Researchers are working to find new pieces to help them solve the complex puzzle of FFI and to develop treatments that can improve the lives of those affected. Ongoing research aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of FFI, especially how genetic mutations change healthy prion proteins into abnormal ones and how the buildup of abnormal prions in the brain causes FFI symptoms. This understanding is essential for developing effective therapies.

Additionally, researchers are searching for biomarkers of FFI. Biomarkers are things that can be measured through blood tests or brain scans, for example, that indicate the presence of a disease or the risk of developing it. Biomarkers could help doctors to diagnose FFI earlier and to track how it changes over time.

In terms of developing therapies for FFI, gene therapy is a promising approach that aims to fix or replace defective genes. Gene therapy could eventually improve patients’ quality of life. Researchers are also studying drugs that might stop or slow down the buildup of PrPSc in the brain. New drugs are first tested on animals to see if they work and are safe, and drugs that pass these initial tests are then tested on people. With effective new medicines, it might be possible to slow down or even stop FFI.

Available at: https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ frym.2025.1523273. Accessed on: Aug 4th, 2025. [Adapted]

The word although in the sentence “Although there is still no cure for FFI, research is happening all over the world.” refers to

    Abstract

 

Rare diseases are diseases that affect fewer than 1 in 2,000 people. Due to their rarity, it can be extremely challenging for doctors to diagnose these diseases in their patients — it often takes 6 – 8 years for some patients to get a diagnosis. Even though they are uncommon, rare diseases still have a significant impact on families and communities and need greater attention. Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a rare disease that affects the brain and gradually reduces a person’s ability to sleep. FFI gets worse over time and causes severe complications. There is currently no cure for FFI, so more research is crucial — not only for understanding FFI but also for unlocking potential treatments for other rare diseases. Rare disease research brings hope for a better future to those living with FFI and other rare conditions.

Available at: https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ frym.2025.1523273. Accessed on: Aug 2nd, 2025.

Which of the following is the best summary of the abstract?

Responda à questão com base no texto de Caroline Hopkins Legaspi, a Times reporter focusing on nutrition and sleep:

 

This App Is Trying to Change How Americans Eat

    Yuka, which Kennedy has called “invaluable,” assigns health scores to food. But can it actually help people make better choices? Cheez-Its used to be one of Marissa Gradei’s go-to snacks, in part because she thought of them as “healthier” alternatives to other savory nibbles like potato chips. That changed three months ago, when Ms. Gradei, 27, a social media manager in Fairfax, Va., started using a smartphone app called Yuka. The app prompts users to scan the bar codes of food and personal care items – in grocery stores and at home – and then offers a score out of 100 to indicate how “healthy” it thinks the item is for you or the environment. Ms. Gradei’s trusty snacks scored a two out of 100 – “bad” for health, according to the app. She hasn’t purchased any since. After the Yuka app launched in the United States in 2022, more than 20 million people have downloaded it – a figure that has more than doubled since January 2024. In a recent interview with CNN, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the U.S. health secretary, said that he and his wife “consider it invaluable. You can go into any grocery store, flash it at any product, and you can get a ‘go’ or a ‘no,’” he said. But can the Yuka app accurately portray how good a given food is for your health? And should you rely on an app to guide your food choices in the first place? We asked four nutrition experts The Yuka app originally launched in France in 2017 as a tool to help people quickly understand the healthfulness of certain food and personal care products. It expanded to the United States in 2022. After scanning a product’s bar code, the app assigns the product a health value out of 100 – with 100 being the best – and a corresponding color score of excellent (dark green), good (light green), poor (orange) or bad (red).To generate these scores for certain foods, the app uses an algorithm based on three criteria: the food’s nutritional quality (60 percent of the score), the presence of additives and whether the app deems the additives risky (30 percent), and whether the food is organic (10 percent). Yuka uses a European labeling system called Nutri-Score to assess a food’s nutritional quality. High protein and high fiber is good, for example, high amounts of sugar, sodium, saturated fats and calories are bad. The company has two full-time employees — one with a toxicology background and one with a food engineering and human nutrition background — who sort through the scientific research on about 600 food dyes, preservatives, thickening agents, artificial sweeteners and other food additives. They classify them as “high risk,” “moderate risk,” “limited risk” or “risk-free” based on their potential links to health conditions like cancer, heart disease, A.D.H.D. and infertility. The app is free, though it offers a premium version for between $10 and $50 per year, said Julie Chapon, one of Yuka’s co-founders. The premium version includes extra features like the ability to use the app when your phone is offline. The company does not promote the app through paid advertisements, or take money from food and cosmetics industries, said Ms. Chapon, who has a marketing and consulting background. Mr. Kennedy’s endorsement has most likely helped with awareness, she said, but the app isn’t affiliated with the Make America Healthy Again, or MAHA, movemenThe app has hit on a real hunger for more clear-cut nutrition information, said Dr. Dariush Mozaffarian, director of the Food Is Medicine Institute at Tufts University. “The public is really confused about what defines a healthy food,” he said. And it can be valuable for people to use their smartphones to help them make better food choices,” said Lisa Harnack, a professor of public health nutrition at the University of Minnesota. Anyone can flip over a product and read its nutrition label, she said, but for the average person, it can be burdensome to try to parse the healthfulness of dozens of foods at a time. Scanning a product and glancing at its ranking and color score is much simpler. That said, some experts worry that labeling food as either “good” or “bad” can lead to disordered eating. “I don’t like that,” Elaine Siu, a dietitian at the City of Hope cancer center in Duarte, Calif., said of the labeling system. Instead, she said, people should focus on following a balanced diet overall. This typically involves eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean sources of protein and healthy fats. And keep in mind that your nutritional needs will vary depending on your health and activity levels, she said, which the Yuka app can’t account for Ms. Siu, for instance, advises cancer patients on how to eat. Many are undernourished and could benefit from consuming more calories. But the Yuka app deducts points for high-calorie foods. Several of Ms. Siu’s patients have refused to drink the nutrition shakes or eat the protein bars she has recommended, she said, because the Yuka app has scored them poorly. The Nutri-Score system Yuka uses to assess a food’s nutritional quality is an “OK” system, Dr. Mozaffarian said. He said he doesn’t agree with the idea of penalizing foods for calories, since many high-calorie foods can be nutritious. The app labels many nuts and nut butters, for instance, as “too caloric.” And, Dr. Mozaffarian said, it’s problematic that Yuka doesn’t distinguish between natural sugars and added sugars. Because there’s still a lot we don’t know about how food additives affect us, Dr. Mozaffarian said, it’s “a little excessive” to devote 30 percent of the score to their presence. Much of the research Yuka uses to assess the risk level of additives are either observational studies – which can’t demonstrate cause and effect – or are animal studies that use much higher doses of those additives than what you’d find in food. Animal study results also don’t always translate to humans. But you don’t necessarily need an RRapp to help you do that. And whole foods typically don’t have bar codes you can scan anyway.

“Ideally, the app would include foods that don’t come in packages,” Dr. Harnack said. “If these types of foods are missing, it might be easy to overlook some of the best choices in the supermarket.”

Fonte: https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/03/well/eat/yuka-nutrition-appmaha-benefits.html Acessado em: 08.08.2025.

O adjetivo “undernourished”, destacado em negrito, pode ser traduzido como: