Questões de Inglês

How dangerous are e-cigarettes?

(1ˢᵗ §) In some countries, electronic cigarettes only started to become widely used recently. In Sweden, for instance, it only became legal to sell over the counter in 2016 and only two percent of the population are users. In the United Kingdom it is much more common, and in the USA the market is exploding, including among young people.

(2ⁿᵈ §) Regular smoking causes chronic arterial stiffness, and the stiffer the arteries, the greater the risk of a heart attack and stroke. Studies have shown that a temporary increase in arterial stiffness could be observed in people exposed to e-cigarettes. The stiffness was apparent following e-cigarettes with nicotine, but not without, so, it is believed that it is the nicotine that is harmful to the arteries. A group of stem cells, called EPC cells, whose task in the body is vascular repair, tends to increase sharply in number after heart attacks and it can be noted that these cells increase after e-cigarette use, which may indicate vascular irritation or damage.

(3ʳᵈ §) Long-term studies are lacking, but by extracting respiratory cells from individuals, it was possible to expose them to e-cigarette vapour for an extended period. It was then observed that the cells exhibited impaired function but also that there was damage to the DNA. Analyses of the e-cigarette vapour were carried out and it could be observed that it contained many harmful particles and also some levels of the so-called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which may potentially have carcinogenic effects.

(4ᵗʰ §) Regular cigarettes are very dangerous and e-cigarettes are probably less harmful. On the other hand, within the tobacco industry, it is believed that e-cigarettes can be used as a way to quit smoking, but it is doubtful whether this works. Findings suggest that most people intending to quit smoking end up using both regular cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Moreover, nicotine is a very addictive substance, so there is a fear that e-cigarettes could act as a gateway to tobacco cigarettes, marijuana and other drugs.

Adapted from: https://ki.se/en/research/how-dangerous-are-e-cigarettes. Accessed September 4 2023.

How dangerous are e-cigarettes?

(1ˢᵗ §) In some countries, electronic cigarettes only started to become widely used recently. In Sweden, for instance, it only became legal to sell over the counter in 2016 and only two percent of the population are users. In the United Kingdom it is much more common, and in the USA the market is exploding, including among young people.

(2ⁿᵈ §) Regular smoking causes chronic arterial stiffness, and the stiffer the arteries, the greater the risk of a heart attack and stroke. Studies have shown that a temporary increase in arterial stiffness could be observed in people exposed to e-cigarettes. The stiffness was apparent following e-cigarettes with nicotine, but not without, so, it is believed that it is the nicotine that is harmful to the arteries. A group of stem cells, called EPC cells, whose task in the body is vascular repair, tends to increase sharply in number after heart attacks and it can be noted that these cells increase after e-cigarette use, which may indicate vascular irritation or damage.

(3ʳᵈ §) Long-term studies are lacking, but by extracting respiratory cells from individuals, it was possible to expose them to e-cigarette vapour for an extended period. It was then observed that the cells exhibited impaired function but also that there was damage to the DNA. Analyses of the e-cigarette vapour were carried out and it could be observed that it contained many harmful particles and also some levels of the so-called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which may potentially have carcinogenic effects.

(4ᵗʰ §) Regular cigarettes are very dangerous and e-cigarettes are probably less harmful. On the other hand, within the tobacco industry, it is believed that e-cigarettes can be used as a way to quit smoking, but it is doubtful whether this works. Findings suggest that most people intending to quit smoking end up using both regular cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Moreover, nicotine is a very addictive substance, so there is a fear that e-cigarettes could act as a gateway to tobacco cigarettes, marijuana and other drugs.

Adapted from: https://ki.se/en/research/how-dangerous-are-e-cigarettes. Accessed September 4 2023.

WHAT IS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH?

By Sam Macarthur

    In the age of globalization, global public health is one of the foremost challenges facing humanity. Not any one nation, not any one coalition of nations, but all of humanity. That’s because global health is not just the work of massive governmental agencies, or international global health organizations, but of people in communities: doctors, nurses, educators, volunteers, and advocates. Fighting disease and spreading health throughout the world is one of the most important missions the human race can undertake in the 21st century.

    To put it simply, global health is important because life in the 21st century is global. With globalization of business, accessibility of transportation, and the information afforded by the internet, the world has gotten smaller in all sorts of ways. And with a smaller, more connected world, comes the reality that what affects one nation affects many.

    In much of the world, rapid industrialization and development has intensified global health challenges and threats, leading the UN to adopt its Sustainable Development Goals. Eliminating poverty and hunger are goals aligned with clean water and sanitation, while sustainability, responsible consumption and production, and climate action are explicitly tied to the overall well-being and health of populations and, as such, they are considered broader goals.

    Lack of resources is one of the most significant global health challenges. The lack of clean drinking water in many developing nations, for instance, is the immediate cause of epidemics like cholera, typhoid, and water-borne parasites. Global public health works to fight both the causes of resource scarcity and the consequences.

    Global health is also threatened by all sorts of diseases and illnesses, many of which can be treated with existing medicines and techniques, if the people could only access them. Some of the largest global health challenges in the 21st century include HIV and AIDS, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and malaria – almost all of which can be prevented or treated with modern medicine and sanitation.

    Other common global challenges faced by health professionals include events like Hurricane Irma in Puerto Rico, or the volcanic eruptions in Guatemala. Moreover, communities throughout the developing world are also affected by disasters caused by pollution, and much of the problem of unsafe drinking water throughout Africa and Asia is caused by unchecked pollution in rapidly developing urban areas and does not stem from natural causes.

Available at: mphonline.org. Accessed September 4 2023. (Adapted).

WHAT IS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH?

By Sam Macarthur

    In the age of globalization, global public health is one of the foremost challenges facing humanity. Not any one nation, not any one coalition of nations, but all of humanity. That’s because global health is not just the work of massive governmental agencies, or international global health organizations, but of people in communities: doctors, nurses, educators, volunteers, and advocates. Fighting disease and spreading health throughout the world is one of the most important missions the human race can undertake in the 21st century.

    To put it simply, global health is important because life in the 21st century is global. With globalization of business, accessibility of transportation, and the information afforded by the internet, the world has gotten smaller in all sorts of ways. And with a smaller, more connected world, comes the reality that what affects one nation affects many.

    In much of the world, rapid industrialization and development has intensified global health challenges and threats, leading the UN to adopt its Sustainable Development Goals. Eliminating poverty and hunger are goals aligned with clean water and sanitation, while sustainability, responsible consumption and production, and climate action are explicitly tied to the overall well-being and health of populations and, as such, they are considered broader goals.

    Lack of resources is one of the most significant global health challenges. The lack of clean drinking water in many developing nations, for instance, is the immediate cause of epidemics like cholera, typhoid, and water-borne parasites. Global public health works to fight both the causes of resource scarcity and the consequences.

    Global health is also threatened by all sorts of diseases and illnesses, many of which can be treated with existing medicines and techniques, if the people could only access them. Some of the largest global health challenges in the 21st century include HIV and AIDS, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and malaria – almost all of which can be prevented or treated with modern medicine and sanitation.

    Other common global challenges faced by health professionals include events like Hurricane Irma in Puerto Rico, or the volcanic eruptions in Guatemala. Moreover, communities throughout the developing world are also affected by disasters caused by pollution, and much of the problem of unsafe drinking water throughout Africa and Asia is caused by unchecked pollution in rapidly developing urban areas and does not stem from natural causes.

Available at: mphonline.org. Accessed September 4 2023. (Adapted).

WHAT IS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH?

By Sam Macarthur

    In the age of globalization, global public health is one of the foremost challenges facing humanity. Not any one nation, not any one coalition of nations, but all of humanity. That’s because global health is not just the work of massive governmental agencies, or international global health organizations, but of people in communities: doctors, nurses, educators, volunteers, and advocates. Fighting disease and spreading health throughout the world is one of the most important missions the human race can undertake in the 21st century.

    To put it simply, global health is important because life in the 21st century is global. With globalization of business, accessibility of transportation, and the information afforded by the internet, the world has gotten smaller in all sorts of ways. And with a smaller, more connected world, comes the reality that what affects one nation affects many.

    In much of the world, rapid industrialization and development has intensified global health challenges and threats, leading the UN to adopt its Sustainable Development Goals. Eliminating poverty and hunger are goals aligned with clean water and sanitation, while sustainability, responsible consumption and production, and climate action are explicitly tied to the overall well-being and health of populations and, as such, they are considered broader goals.

    Lack of resources is one of the most significant global health challenges. The lack of clean drinking water in many developing nations, for instance, is the immediate cause of epidemics like cholera, typhoid, and water-borne parasites. Global public health works to fight both the causes of resource scarcity and the consequences.

    Global health is also threatened by all sorts of diseases and illnesses, many of which can be treated with existing medicines and techniques, if the people could only access them. Some of the largest global health challenges in the 21st century include HIV and AIDS, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and malaria – almost all of which can be prevented or treated with modern medicine and sanitation.

    Other common global challenges faced by health professionals include events like Hurricane Irma in Puerto Rico, or the volcanic eruptions in Guatemala. Moreover, communities throughout the developing world are also affected by disasters caused by pollution, and much of the problem of unsafe drinking water throughout Africa and Asia is caused by unchecked pollution in rapidly developing urban areas and does not stem from natural causes.

Available at: mphonline.org. Accessed September 4 2023. (Adapted).

WHAT IS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH?

By Sam Macarthur

    In the age of globalization, global public health is one of the foremost challenges facing humanity. Not any one nation, not any one coalition of nations, but all of humanity. That’s because global health is not just the work of massive governmental agencies, or international global health organizations, but of people in communities: doctors, nurses, educators, volunteers, and advocates. Fighting disease and spreading health throughout the world is one of the most important missions the human race can undertake in the 21st century.

    To put it simply, global health is important because life in the 21st century is global. With globalization of business, accessibility of transportation, and the information afforded by the internet, the world has gotten smaller in all sorts of ways. And with a smaller, more connected world, comes the reality that what affects one nation affects many.

    In much of the world, rapid industrialization and development has intensified global health challenges and threats, leading the UN to adopt its Sustainable Development Goals. Eliminating poverty and hunger are goals aligned with clean water and sanitation, while sustainability, responsible consumption and production, and climate action are explicitly tied to the overall well-being and health of populations and, as such, they are considered broader goals.

    Lack of resources is one of the most significant global health challenges. The lack of clean drinking water in many developing nations, for instance, is the immediate cause of epidemics like cholera, typhoid, and water-borne parasites. Global public health works to fight both the causes of resource scarcity and the consequences.

    Global health is also threatened by all sorts of diseases and illnesses, many of which can be treated with existing medicines and techniques, if the people could only access them. Some of the largest global health challenges in the 21st century include HIV and AIDS, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and malaria – almost all of which can be prevented or treated with modern medicine and sanitation.

    Other common global challenges faced by health professionals include events like Hurricane Irma in Puerto Rico, or the volcanic eruptions in Guatemala. Moreover, communities throughout the developing world are also affected by disasters caused by pollution, and much of the problem of unsafe drinking water throughout Africa and Asia is caused by unchecked pollution in rapidly developing urban areas and does not stem from natural causes.

Available at: mphonline.org. Accessed September 4 2023. (Adapted).