Questões de Inglês

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What is organized crime?

 

    Organized crime was characterised by the United Nations, in 1994, as: “group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups.”

    It is increasingly global. Although links between, for example, mafia groups in Italy and the USA have existed for decades, new and rapid means of communication have facilitated the development of international networks. Some build on shared linguistic or cultural ties, such as a network trafficking drugs and human organs, which links criminal gangs in Mozambique, Portugal, Brazil, Pakistan, Dubai and South Africa. Others bring together much less likely groups, such as those trafficking arms, drugs and people between South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan and Russia, or those linking the Russian mafia with Colombian cocaine cartels or North American criminal gangs with the Japanese Yakuza. Trafficked commodities may pass from group to group along the supply chain; for instance heroin in Italy has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan, transported by Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by Italians.

    Organized crime exploits profit opportunities wherever they arise. Globalization of financial markets, with free movement of goods and capital, has facilitated smuggling of counterfeit goods (in part a reflection of the creation of global brands), internet fraud, and money-laundering. On the other hand, organized crime also takes advantage of the barriers to free movement of people across national borders and the laws against non-medicinal use of narcotics: accordingly it earns vast profits in smuggling migrants and psychoactive drugs. Briquet and Favarel have identified deregulation and the “rolling back of the state” in some countries as creating lacunae that have been occupied by profiteers. The political changes in Europe in the late 1980s fuelled the growth in criminal networks, often involving former law enforcement officers. Failed states, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo or Sierra Leone, have provided further opportunities as criminal gangs smuggle arms in and commodities out, for example diamonds, gold, and rare earth metals, often generating violence against those involved in the trade and in the surrounding communities. Finally, there are a few states, such as the Democratic Republic of Korea and Burma and Guinea-Bissau (once described as a narco-state) where politicians have been alleged to have played an active role in international crime.

    Organized criminal gangs have strong incentives. Compared with legitimate producers, they have lower costs of production due to the ability to disregard quality and safety standards, tax obligations, minimum wages or employee benefits. Once established, they may threaten or use violence to eliminate competitors, and can obtain favourable treatment by regulatory authorities either through bribes or threats.

(www.globalizationandhealth.com. Adaptado)

No trecho do segundo parágrafo – Trafficked commodities may pass from group to group along the supply chain; for instance heroin in Italy has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan, transported by Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by Italians. – a expressão for instance pode ser substituída, sem alteração de sentido, por

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Violence Prevention Among Young People in Brazil

 

    Crime and violence have increased dramatically in Brazil in recent decades, particularly in large urban areas, leading to more intense public debate on causes and solutions. The right to life is the most fundamental of all rights. Having security means living without fearing the risk of violation of one’s life, liberty, physical integrity or property. Security means not only to be free from actual risks, but also to be able to enjoy the feeling of security. In this respect, human rights are systematically undermined by violence and insecurity.

    UNESCO expects to play a primary role in supporting actions of social inclusion to help in the prevention of violence, especially among young people. The attributes and resources to be found in the heart of the Organization’s different areas will be grouped around this objective.

    Violence is seen as a violation of fundamental human rights, as a threat to the respect for the principles of liberty and equality. An approach focused on the access to quality education, to decent jobs, to cultural, sports and leisure activities, to digital inclusion and the protection and promotion of human rights and of the environment will be implemented as a response to the challenge of preventing violence among youths. Such approach should also help in creating real opportunities for young people to improve their life conditions and develop their citizenship.

(www.unesco.org. Adaptado)

No trecho do primeiro parágrafo – Security means not only to be free from actual risks, but also to be able to enjoy the feeling of security. – a expressão not only …but also indica

Observe atentamente a charge abaixo para responder à questão.

Uma das atuais preocupações referente à educação dos filhos diz respeito ao uso da internet em casa.

 

A charge mostra que os pais de Timothy estão preocupados com:

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Hallmark creates unemployment cards to send to laidoff workers

What do you say to a friend who's just been laid off? Try sending a greeting card instead. With national unemployment sticking around 9%, Hallmark – long in the business of marking holidays and special occasions – has come out with a line of "encouragement" cards geared for people out of work. Call it a sign of the times.

Hallmark Creative Director Derek McCracken said that the idea for producing unemployment cards came from the company's own customers. "They sent us letters. They phoned it in. They asked their retailers, you know, in their neighborhood, where do I find a card that said this?" McCracken added. "Loss of a job, like any loss, is a grieving process."

 

A Hallmark spokesman told the AFP that the company didn't expect the cards to be blockbusters but will fill a "relevant and niche consumer need." The eight cards, which range from funny to groaningly sentimental, retail for $3.49.

Disponível em: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/money_co/2011/09/hallmark-makesunemployment-job cards.html. Acesso em: 1º maio 2013.

 

Glossário:
Laid-off: demitido
Grieving: luto
Blockbuster: sucesso

The expression ‘Call it a sign of the times’ can be translated as:

Leia o texto que segue para responder à questão.

 

Hallmark creates unemployment cards to send to laidoff workers

What do you say to a friend who's just been laid off? Try sending a greeting card instead. With national unemployment sticking around 9%, Hallmark – long in the business of marking holidays and special occasions – has come out with a line of "encouragement" cards geared for people out of work. Call it a sign of the times.

Hallmark Creative Director Derek McCracken said that the idea for producing unemployment cards came from the company's own customers. "They sent us letters. They phoned it in. They asked their retailers, you know, in their neighborhood, where do I find a card that said this?" McCracken added. "Loss of a job, like any loss, is a grieving process."

 

A Hallmark spokesman told the AFP that the company didn't expect the cards to be blockbusters but will fill a "relevant and niche consumer need." The eight cards, which range from funny to groaningly sentimental, retail for $3.49.

Disponível em: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/money_co/2011/09/hallmark-makesunemployment-job cards.html. Acesso em: 1º maio 2013.

 

Glossário:
Laid-off: demitido
Grieving: luto
Blockbuster: sucesso

The sentence ‘Try sending a greeting card instead’ expresses

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