Questões de Inglês

TEXTO:

 

Teens and smoking

 

  It’s no surprise that smoking for years can change
the way the brain processes nicotine, creating a
well-worn pattern of craving and satisfaction that is
difficult to break. In the latest research, published in the
[5] journal Neuropsychopharmacology, Edythe London, a
professor of psychiatry and pharmacology at University
of California Los Angeles, and her team found that young
smokers did have differences in a specific brain region
compared with non smokers. Even more concerning,
[10] these differences emerged with a relatively light smoking
habit of one pack or less of cigarettes a day.
  London and her colleagues focused on a brain region
called insula, since previous studies in animals and
adults showed that its size and volume was affected by
[15] smoking. Of the regions in the cortical, or memory,
awareness and language parts of the brain, the insula
contains the most receptors for nicotine. The region is
responsible for decision-making and helping to establish
a person’s conscious awareness of his internal state. In
[20] studies of stroke patients, smokers who lost function of
the right insula in the stroke quit smoking, and reported
feeling no cravings for nicotine. And in earlier studies
London’s team conducted, they found a strong
relationship of how much smokers who watched videos
[25] of people smoking experienced cravings for cigarettes
and the activity of the insula, which lit up on PET scans.
  When London’s team looked at the brains of 18
smoking teens and 24 non-smoking adolescents, aged
16 to 21 years, using structural MRI, they found no
[30] differences overall in the insula region. But a closer
examination revealed that the right insula of the smokers
was thinner than those of the nonsmokers. “The brain is
still undergoing development when someone is in their
late teens,” she says. “It’s possible that smoking during
[35] this period could have effects that could alter tobacco
dependence later in life, and that the insult could alter
the trajectory of brain development.”
  While the study doesn’t establish whether the
differences in the insula can lead to smoking, or is the
[40] result of smoking, London says it highlights the role that
the brain region may play in how people respond to
nicotine and cigarettes. “I think this is very exciting
because it points to a vulnerability, a potential
vulnerability factor either to become nicotine dependent
[45] or for the effects of smoking to ultimately alter the

trajectory of brain development,” she says. That trajectory
could affect not only smoking behavior but
decision-making in general, since the insula is important
in such assessments.

PARK, Alice. Disponível em: <www.time.com//11386/teens-brainstructure-may-be-altered-by-smoking>. Acesso em: 13 maio 2015.

 

PET: Positron Emission Tomography.

MRI: Magnetic Resonance imaging.

“stroke” (l. 20): derrame.

Studies of the activity of the insula have

The pronoun ONE refers to:

TEXTO
 

Can eating meat be eco-friendly?

 

 

Every year we raise and eat 65 billion animals, that’s nine animals for every person on the globe, and it’s having a major impact on our planet.
(...)

 

I like eating meat but I know that my food preferences, and those of a few billion fellow carnivores, comes at a cost. Nearly a third of the Earth’s ice-free land surface is already devoted to raising the animals we either eat or milk. Roughly 30% of the crops we grow are fed to animals. The latest UN Food and Agriculture Organisation reports suggest livestock are responsible for 14.5% of man-made greenhouse gas emissions - the same amount produced by all the world’s cars, planes, boats and trains.
(...)

 

The problem lies in what the cows eat. Unlike most mammals, cattle can live on a diet of grass, thanks to the trillions of microbes that live in their many stomachs. These microbes break down the cellulose in grass into smaller, nutritious molecules that the cows digest, but while doing so the microbes also produce huge amounts of explosive methane gas which the cows burp out.
Fonte: http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28858289. Acesso em 27/08/2014. Adaptado.

O sufixo –er na palavra smaller (último parágrafo) tem a mesma função morfológica que o sufixo –er em qual das seguintes palavras?

Most of us consume it every day, but how much do we really know about caffeine? The naturally-occurring substance with a bitter taste stimulates the central nervous system, making you feel more alert. In moderate doses, it can actually offer health benefits, including boosts to memory, concentration, and mental health. And coffee in particular, a major source of caffeine for Americans, has been associated with a host of body perks, including a possible decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease and certain cancers. But in excess amounts, caffeine overuse can trigger a fast heart rate, insomnia, anxiety, and restlessness, among other side effects. Abruptly stopping use can lead to symptoms of withdrawal, including headaches and irritability. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, it takes about 30 to 60 minutes for caffeine to reach its peak level in the blood (one study found increased alertness can begin in as few as 10 minutes). The body typically eliminates half of the drug in three to five hours, and the remainder can linger for eight to 14 hours. Some people, particularly those who don't regularly consume caffeine, are more sensitive to the effects than others. Sleep experts often recommend abstaining from caffeine at least eight hours before bedtime to avoid wakefulness at night. The body might process caffeine differently based on gender, race, and even birth control use. New York magazine previously reported: "Women generally metabolize caffeine faster than men. Smokers process it twice as quickly as nonsmokers do. Women taking birth control pills metabolize it at perhaps one-third the rate that women not on the Pill do. Asians may do so more slowly than people of other races."
http://www.shape.com/healthy-eating/healthy-drinks/10-surprisingfacts-about-caffeine/ em 26/08/2014.

Assinale a alternativa que NÃO é correta sobre o texto

Most of us consume it every day, but how much do we really know about caffeine? The naturally-occurring substance with a bitter taste stimulates the central nervous system, making you feel more alert. In moderate doses, it can actually offer health benefits, including boosts to memory, concentration, and mental health. And coffee in particular, a major source of caffeine for Americans, has been associated with a host of body perks, including a possible decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease and certain cancers. But in excess amounts, caffeine overuse can trigger a fast heart rate, insomnia, anxiety, and restlessness, among other side effects. Abruptly stopping use can lead to symptoms of withdrawal, including headaches and irritability. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, it takes about 30 to 60 minutes for caffeine to reach its peak level in the blood (one study found increased alertness can begin in as few as 10 minutes). The body typically eliminates half of the drug in three to five hours, and the remainder can linger for eight to 14 hours. Some people, particularly those who don't regularly consume caffeine, are more sensitive to the effects than others. Sleep experts often recommend abstaining from caffeine at least eight hours before bedtime to avoid wakefulness at night. The body might process caffeine differently based on gender, race, and even birth control use. New York magazine previously reported: "Women generally metabolize caffeine faster than men. Smokers process it twice as quickly as nonsmokers do. Women taking birth control pills metabolize it at perhaps one-third the rate that women not on the Pill do. Asians may do so more slowly than people of other races."
http://www.shape.com/healthy-eating/healthy-drinks/10-surprisingfacts-about-caffeine/ em 26/08/2014.

A tradução do verbo trigger neste contexto é:

Most of us consume it every day, but how much do we really know about caffeine? The naturally-occurring substance with a bitter taste stimulates the central nervous system, making you feel more alert. In moderate doses, it can actually offer health benefits, including boosts to memory, concentration, and mental health. And coffee in particular, a major source of caffeine for Americans, has been associated with a host of body perks, including a possible decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease and certain cancers. But in excess amounts, caffeine overuse can trigger a fast heart rate, insomnia, anxiety, and restlessness, among other side effects. Abruptly stopping use can lead to symptoms of withdrawal, including headaches and irritability. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, it takes about 30 to 60 minutes for caffeine to reach its peak level in the blood (one study found increased alertness can begin in as few as 10 minutes). The body typically eliminates half of the drug in three to five hours, and the remainder can linger for eight to 14 hours. Some people, particularly those who don't regularly consume caffeine, are more sensitive to the effects than others. Sleep experts often recommend abstaining from caffeine at least eight hours before bedtime to avoid wakefulness at night. The body might process caffeine differently based on gender, race, and even birth control use. New York magazine previously reported: "Women generally metabolize caffeine faster than men. Smokers process it twice as quickly as nonsmokers do. Women taking birth control pills metabolize it at perhaps one-third the rate that women not on the Pill do. Asians may do so more slowly than people of other races."
http://www.shape.com/healthy-eating/healthy-drinks/10-surprisingfacts-about-caffeine/ em 26/08/2014.

O consumo de café, que é uma fonte de cafeína está associado a um possível