Questões de Inglês

Some Silent Signs You Might Have Diabetes

New studies show a shocking 25 percent of people with type 2 diabetes don't even know it. You're taking more bathroom breaks; You've lost a little weight; You feel shaky and hungry; You're tired all the time; You're moody and grumpy, Your vision seems blurry; Your cuts and scrapes heal more slowly; Your feet tingle; You're more prone to urinary tract and yeast infections. If you experience some of these subtle signs and symptoms, talk to your doctor about getting tested. Diabetes has plenty of early signs, but they're subtle enough that you might not notice."It's not like you wake up one day and all of a sudden you're thirsty, hungry, and going to the bathroom all the time," says Melissa Joy Dobbins, RD, a certified diabetes educator in Illinois and a spokesperson for the American Association of Diabetes Educators. "It picks up gradually." Indeed, "most people are unaware that they have diabetes in its early or even middle phases," says Aaron Cypess, MD, assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and staff physician at Joslin Diabetes Center. Just because you're not keyed in, it doesn't mean you're immune from problems associated with diabetes. The longer you go without controlling diabetes, the greater your risk for heart disease, kidney disease, amputation, blindness, and other serious complications. "We recommend that people with risk factors for diabetes, such as a family history or being overweight, get evaluated on a regular basis," Dr. Cypess says. If you've been feeling off, talk to your doctor about getting a simple blood test that can diagnose the disease. And pay attention to these subtle diabetes signs and symptoms. When you have diabetes, your body becomes less efficient at breaking food down into sugar, so you have more sugar sitting in your bloodstream, says Dobbins. "Your body gets rid of it by flushing it out in the urine. That's why you're going to the bathroom a lot." Most patients aren't necessarily aware of how often they use the bathroom, says Dr. Cypess. "When we ask about it, we often hear, 'Oh yeah, I guess I’m going more often than I used to,'" he says. But one red flag is whether the need to urinate keeps you up at night. Once or twice might be normal, but if it's affecting your ability to sleep, that could be a symptom to pay attention to. It's not uncommon for patients to suddenly feel unsteady and immediately need to reach for carbs, says Marjorie Cypress, a nurse practitioner at an endocrinology clinic in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and 2014 president of health care and education for the American Diabetes Association. "When you have high blood sugar, your body has a problem regulating its glucose," she explains. "If you've eaten something high in carbohydrates, your body shoots out a little too much insulin, and your glucose drops quickly. This makes you feel shaky, and you tend to crave carbs or sugar. This can lead to a vicious cycle."Of course you're exhausted every now and then. But ongoing fatigue is an important symptom to pay attention to; it might mean the food you're eating for energy isn't being broken down and used by cells as it's supposed to. "You're not getting the fuel your body needs," says Dobbins. "You're going to be tired and feel sluggish." But in many cases of type 2 diabetes, your sugar levels can be elevated for a while, so these symptoms could come on slowly.

By Lauren Gelman

http://www.rd.com/health/conditions/signs-diabetes/ acesso no dia 17 de dezembro de 2015 e editado.

Some Silent Signs You Might Have Diabetes

New studies show a shocking 25 percent of people with type 2 diabetes don't even know it. You're taking more bathroom breaks; You've lost a little weight; You feel shaky and hungry; You're tired all the time; You're moody and grumpy, Your vision seems blurry; Your cuts and scrapes heal more slowly; Your feet tingle; You're more prone to urinary tract and yeast infections. If you experience some of these subtle signs and symptoms, talk to your doctor about getting tested. Diabetes has plenty of early signs, but they're subtle enough that you might not notice."It's not like you wake up one day and all of a sudden you're thirsty, hungry, and going to the bathroom all the time," says Melissa Joy Dobbins, RD, a certified diabetes educator in Illinois and a spokesperson for the American Association of Diabetes Educators. "It picks up gradually." Indeed, "most people are unaware that they have diabetes in its early or even middle phases," says Aaron Cypess, MD, assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and staff physician at Joslin Diabetes Center. Just because you're not keyed in, it doesn't mean you're immune from problems associated with diabetes. The longer you go without controlling diabetes, the greater your risk for heart disease, kidney disease, amputation, blindness, and other serious complications. "We recommend that people with risk factors for diabetes, such as a family history or being overweight, get evaluated on a regular basis," Dr. Cypess says. If you've been feeling off, talk to your doctor about getting a simple blood test that can diagnose the disease. And pay attention to these subtle diabetes signs and symptoms. When you have diabetes, your body becomes less efficient at breaking food down into sugar, so you have more sugar sitting in your bloodstream, says Dobbins. "Your body gets rid of it by flushing it out in the urine. That's why you're going to the bathroom a lot." Most patients aren't necessarily aware of how often they use the bathroom, says Dr. Cypess. "When we ask about it, we often hear, 'Oh yeah, I guess I’m going more often than I used to,'" he says. But one red flag is whether the need to urinate keeps you up at night. Once or twice might be normal, but if it's affecting your ability to sleep, that could be a symptom to pay attention to. It's not uncommon for patients to suddenly feel unsteady and immediately need to reach for carbs, says Marjorie Cypress, a nurse practitioner at an endocrinology clinic in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and 2014 president of health care and education for the American Diabetes Association. "When you have high blood sugar, your body has a problem regulating its glucose," she explains. "If you've eaten something high in carbohydrates, your body shoots out a little too much insulin, and your glucose drops quickly. This makes you feel shaky, and you tend to crave carbs or sugar. This can lead to a vicious cycle."Of course you're exhausted every now and then. But ongoing fatigue is an important symptom to pay attention to; it might mean the food you're eating for energy isn't being broken down and used by cells as it's supposed to. "You're not getting the fuel your body needs," says Dobbins. "You're going to be tired and feel sluggish." But in many cases of type 2 diabetes, your sugar levels can be elevated for a while, so these symptoms could come on slowly.

By Lauren Gelman

http://www.rd.com/health/conditions/signs-diabetes/ acesso no dia 17 de dezembro de 2015 e editado.

           Brazil country profile

[1]   Brazil is South America’s most influential country, an emerging economic power, and one of the

world’s largest democracies.

  Over the past few years it has made major strides in its efforts to raise millions out of poverty.

  The discovery of major offshore oil reserves could propel the country into the top league of oil

[5] exporting nations.

  The exploitation of the Amazon rainforest, much of which is in Brazil, has been a major international

worry, since the wilderness is a vital regulator of the climate. It is also an important reservoir of plant and

animal life.

  A drive to move settlers to the Amazon region

[10] during military rule in the 1970s caused considerable

damage to vast areas of rainforest.

  Deforestation by loggers and cattle ranchers

remains controversial, but government-sponsored

migration programmes have been halted.

[15]   In 2005 the government reported that one fifth

of the Amazon forests had been cleared by

deforestation

  Deforestation has been slowed down by extra

policing and pressure from environmental and

[20] consumer groups. The government has fined illegal cattle ranchers and loggers, while the food industries

have banned products from illegally deforested areas, such as soya beans and beef.

  At a glance

  • Economy: Brazil has Latin America’s largest economy; there has been steady growth.

  • International: Brazil wants a permanent seat at the UN Security Council; relations with Bolivia

[25]   suffered in 2006 over access to Bolivian gas.

  Officials estimate that deforestation in 2010 fell to 5,000 sq km for the year, down from 7,000 sq km

the year before and a peak of 27,000 sq km in 2004.

  Brazil’s natural resources, particularly iron ore, are highly prized by major manufacturing nations,

including China. Thanks to the development of offshore fields, the nation has become self-sufficient in oil,

[30] ending decades of dependence on foreign producers. [...]

Disponível em: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19359112. Acesso em: 10 set. 2016. Adaptado.

           Brazil country profile

[1]   Brazil is South America’s most influential country, an emerging economic power, and one of the

world’s largest democracies.

  Over the past few years it has made major strides in its efforts to raise millions out of poverty.

  The discovery of major offshore oil reserves could propel the country into the top league of oil

[5] exporting nations.

  The exploitation of the Amazon rainforest, much of which is in Brazil, has been a major international

worry, since the wilderness is a vital regulator of the climate. It is also an important reservoir of plant and

animal life.

  A drive to move settlers to the Amazon region

[10] during military rule in the 1970s caused considerable

damage to vast areas of rainforest.

  Deforestation by loggers and cattle ranchers

remains controversial, but government-sponsored

migration programmes have been halted.

[15]   In 2005 the government reported that one fifth

of the Amazon forests had been cleared by

deforestation

  Deforestation has been slowed down by extra

policing and pressure from environmental and

[20] consumer groups. The government has fined illegal cattle ranchers and loggers, while the food industries

have banned products from illegally deforested areas, such as soya beans and beef.

  At a glance

  • Economy: Brazil has Latin America’s largest economy; there has been steady growth.

  • International: Brazil wants a permanent seat at the UN Security Council; relations with Bolivia

[25]   suffered in 2006 over access to Bolivian gas.

  Officials estimate that deforestation in 2010 fell to 5,000 sq km for the year, down from 7,000 sq km

the year before and a peak of 27,000 sq km in 2004.

  Brazil’s natural resources, particularly iron ore, are highly prized by major manufacturing nations,

including China. Thanks to the development of offshore fields, the nation has become self-sufficient in oil,

[30] ending decades of dependence on foreign producers. [...]

Disponível em: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19359112. Acesso em: 10 set. 2016. Adaptado.

              Zika linked to baby joint deformities

[1]   Zika infection during pregnancy may cause limb joint deformities in the baby, experts now fear.

Brazilian researchers from Recife, the city at the centre of the Zika epidemic, describe seven suspect cases

in the journal The BMJ.

  The virus, which has been spreading across much of the Americas and has deterred some people

[5] from visiting the Olympic host country, is already known to cause a serious baby brain defect.

  Mothers-to-be are urged to be vigilant. Pregnant women should not travel to areas with Zika, and

those living in Zika zones should avoid the biting mosquitoes that carry and spread the disease.

  Experts now agree that Zika is capable of causing lasting brain damage to babies in the womb. The

virus can cross the placenta from the mother to her unborn child. And there is growing evidence that it can

[10] trigger a rare, weakening condition of the nerves, called Guillian-Barre syndrome, in adults.

  Dr. Vanessa van der Linden and her team in Brazil say they are now seeing limb joint problems in

newborn babies that might be caused by Zika too. The seven babies with suspected Zika infection that they

studied in hospital had been born with hip, knee, ankle, elbow, wrist and/or finger joint problems that fit

with a medical diagnosis called arthrogryposis.

[15]   The deformities of arthrogryposis, or crooked joints, are caused by faulty muscles – some too tight

or contracted and some too flaccid – that have pulled and held the baby’s growing body in unnatural

positions.

  Dr. Linden’s team suspect the Zika virus attacks brain nerve centres supplying the muscles around

the joints, rather than the joints themselves. Scans of the babies’ brains appear to support this idea.

[20]   All of the seven babies they examined tested negative for other

congenital (pre-birth) infections, such as rubella and HIV, that might have

been a possible cause of their deformities. Most had microcephaly as well as

the limb deformities. Dr. Linden says that, since writing up her findings, she

has seen 14 more babies with similar problems and is running more tests.

[25]   Prof. Jimmy Whitworth, from the London School of Hygiene and

Tropical Medicine, said that while not concrete proof, the evidence that Zika might be to blame was “pretty

compelling”. “Microcephaly is the most obvious sign of congenital infection with Zika, but it’s becoming

clear that’s just part of the whole spectrum of damage that can be caused by the virus.” He said the

challenge was stopping the spread of the infection and caring for those who will be affected in the long as

[30] well as the short term.

  “Studies suggest the current epidemic could go on for three or four years,” Prof. Whitworth said.

“We think there’s going to be tens of thousands of babies who could be affected by Zika. Meeting their

physical and psychosocial needs will be the real challenge.”

Fonte: ROBERTS, Michelle. Zika linked to baby joint deformities. 10 ago. 2016. Disponível em: http://www.bbc.com/news/health-37010221. Acesso em: 17 set. 2016. Adaptado.

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Researchers have used a £1,250 system to create a range of organic compounds and inorganic clusters – some of which are used to create cancer treatments.
Longer term, the scientists say the process could be used to make customised medicines.
They predict the technique will be used by pharmaceutical firms within five years, and by the public within 20.
"We are showing that you can take chemical constituents, pass them through a printer and create what is effectively a chemical synthesiser in which the reaction occurs allowing you to get out something different at the end," researcher Mark Symes told the BBC.
"We're extrapolating from that to say that in the future you could buy common chemicals, slot them into something that 3D prints, just press a button to mix the ingredients and filter them through the architecture and at the bottom you would get out your prescription drug."

'Revolutionising healthcare'
The 3D printing process involves the use of a robotically controlled syringe which builds an object out of a gel-based "ink", into which chemicals and catalysts are mixed.
"Chemists normally put chemicals in glassware to create a reaction," said Prof Lee Cronin, who came up with the idea.
"What we are doing is mixing the concept of the glassware and the chemicals together in the 3D printer to create what we call 'reactionware'.
"It's almost like a cake – you print the last reactionary agent first and then build other chemical layers above, finally adding a liquid at the top. The liquid goes to layer one making a new molecule which goes to the next layer creating another and so on until at the bottom you get your prescription drug out."
Until now the researchers have used bathroom sealant to create their reactor, and the substances created have not been suitable for human consumption.

But the scientists say their next step is to switch ingredients and replicate drugs already available in pharmacies. They also hope to work with engineers to increase the printer's speed and resolution. If successful, they say doctors and individuals could ultimately download pre-set recipes and even tailor medicines to their individual needs.
"This would not only place traditionally expensive chemical engineering technology within reach of typical laboratories and small commercial enterprises, but also could revolutionise access to healthcare and the chemical sciences in general in the developing world," they wrote in a paper published in the Nature Chemistry journal.
Fonte: BBC News, 18/04/ 2012