Questões de Inglês

PASSAGE 1

(…)    Today, Brazil’s “Sistema Único de Saúde” —or SUS— is cherished as a protection against steep medical
bills. “Brazil has the lowest rate of catastrophic health expenditures (2.2 percent) of nearly any other country in
the region," James Macnko, an associate professor of public health at New York University, told me. “That is a
higher level of financial protection than Chile, Mexico, and certainly the U.S. have achieved.” (…)
[05]    Universal healthcare is also, as it turns out, relatively cheap: Brazil spends just 9 percent of GDP on
healthcare to the U.S.’s 18 percent. But the funding for the SUS system is split among the federal, the state, and
the municipal governments, and that’s where the trouble begins.(…)
    Brazilians in the wealthy south tend to live better, healthier lives than their poorer northern countrymen.
The infant mortality rate of the north is twice as high as that of the south. That poor northeastern area of
[10] “Maranhão” has only about 0.58 doctors per 1,000 people, while the richer Rio de Janeiro has 3.44. The richest
fifth of Brazil's population is twice as likely to receive prenatal care as the poorest fifth. In 2012, between 62 and
75 percent of people in the south who needed kidney transplants received one, but only 13 to 27 of those living in
the rest of Brazil were able to.

KHAZAN. Olga. What the U.S. can learn from Brazil’s healthcare. May 8, 2014. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/the-struggle-for-universal-healthcare/361854/ Access on: 6/7/2016. (Adapted).

PASSAGE 1

(…)    Today, Brazil’s “Sistema Único de Saúde” —or SUS— is cherished as a protection against steep medical
bills. “Brazil has the lowest rate of catastrophic health expenditures (2.2 percent) of nearly any other country in
the region," James Macnko, an associate professor of public health at New York University, told me. “That is a
higher level of financial protection than Chile, Mexico, and certainly the U.S. have achieved.” (…)
[05]    Universal healthcare is also, as it turns out, relatively cheap: Brazil spends just 9 percent of GDP on
healthcare to the U.S.’s 18 percent. But the funding for the SUS system is split among the federal, the state, and
the municipal governments, and that’s where the trouble begins.(…)
    Brazilians in the wealthy south tend to live better, healthier lives than their poorer northern countrymen.
The infant mortality rate of the north is twice as high as that of the south. That poor northeastern area of
[10] “Maranhão” has only about 0.58 doctors per 1,000 people, while the richer Rio de Janeiro has 3.44. The richest
fifth of Brazil's population is twice as likely to receive prenatal care as the poorest fifth. In 2012, between 62 and
75 percent of people in the south who needed kidney transplants received one, but only 13 to 27 of those living in
the rest of Brazil were able to.

KHAZAN. Olga. What the U.S. can learn from Brazil’s healthcare. May 8, 2014. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/the-struggle-for-universal-healthcare/361854/ Access on: 6/7/2016. (Adapted).

PASSAGE

THE NEED FOR SEXUALITY EDUCATION

     According to Unesco (2009), the primary goal of sexuality education is to equip children and young
people with the knowledge, skills and values to make responsible choices about their sexual and social
relationships in a world affected by HIV. In addition to learning about the risks of pregnancy and sexually
transmitted infections (including HIV), children and young people also need to learn about the risk of sexual
[05] exploitation and abuse in order to recognize these when they occur, to protect themselves as far as possible and
to identify and access available sources of support. Sensitizing children, parents, teachers, police and local
communities to the nature and extent of sexual violence, and giving permission to discuss it, are essential steps
in tackling it. Sexuality education can provide an appropriate framework and context for educating students
about sexual abuse. For example, distinguishing between “good” and “bad” touch, learning how to express
[10] feelings, to resist pressure and to seek help are all key aspects of sexuality education that are also highly
pertinent to sexual abuse. 

Available at:http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/children/1in5/Source/PublicationSexualViolence/Gordon.pdf. Access on:6/7/2016.

PASSAGE

SEX EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN: WHY PARENTS SHOULD TALK TO THEIR KIDS ABOUT SEX STARTING EARLY WITH AGE-APPROPRIATE INFORMATION ABOUT SEX IS A GOOD IDEA

     Curiosity about sex is a natural step from learning about the body. Sex education helps kids understand
about the body and helps them feel positive about their own bodies. Younger kids are interested in pregnancy
and babies, rather than the mechanics of sex.
    Discussing sex is also part of starting open communication with your child. Early, honest, and open
[05] communication between parents and kids is very important, especially when your child becomes an adolescent. If
open communication is normal, kids are more likely to speak with parents about all the other trials of
adolescence, such as depression, relationships, and the abuse of drugs and alcohol, as well as sexual issues.
     Beginning a conversation about sex early and continuing that conversation as the child grows is the best
sex education strategy. It lets parents avoid giving one big, and likely uncomfortable talk when the child reaches
[10] adolescence (and will have already gotten information and misinformation from their friends). These
conversations are easier when they come out of a life experience, like seeing a pregnant woman or a baby.
    When parents talk with their children about sex, they can make sure that they are getting the right
information. Parents should be a child’s first source of information about sex. Understanding correct information
can protect children from risky behaviour as they grow up.

Available at: http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/89397/the%20phenomenon%20of%20migration_TYPEFI_final_En.pdf Access on: 5/27/2015.

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Food is more than survival

With it we make friends, court lovers, and count our blessings

Victoria Pope

    The sharing of food has always been part of the human story. From Qesem Cave near Tel Aviv comes evidence of ancient meals prepared at a 300,000-year-old hearth, the oldest ever found, where diners gathered to eat together. Retrieved from the ashes of Vesuvius: a circular loaf of bread with scoring marks, baked to be divided. “To break bread together,” a phrase as old as the Bible, captures the power of a meal to forge relationships, bury anger, provoke laughter. Children make mud pies, have tea parties, trade snacks to make friends, and mimic the rituals of adults. They celebrate with sweets from the time of their first birthday, and the association of food with love will continue throughout life – and in some belief systems, into the afterlife. Consider the cultures that leave delicacies graveside to let the departed know they are not forgotten. And even when times are tough, the urge to celebrate endures. In the Antarctic in 1902, during Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition, the men prepared a fancy meal for Midwinter Day, the shortest day and longest night of the year. Hefty provisions had been brought on board. Forty-five live sheep were slaughtered and hung from the rigging, frozen by the elements until it was time to feast. The cold, the darkness, and the isolation were forgotten for a while. “With such a dinner,” Scott wrote, “we agreed that life in the Antarctic Regions was worth living.”

(www.nationalgeographic.com. Adaptado.)

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Pop songs ‘derogatory about growing old’

March 8, 2016

    Pop songs set a bad example by portraying ageing and old people in a negative light, focusing on dying and physical decline, according to a study in a nursing journal.

    UK researchers trawled the musical archives from the 1930s to the present day for any tracks mentioning old age. The majority - 55 out of 76 songs - focused on “bad” aspects of ageing. The Beatles and Elton John feature on the “negative list”, along with Pulp and The Who.

    Meanwhile, Bob Dylan and John Lennon were commended by the researchers for penning positive lyrics in their respective songs Forever Young and Borrowed Time, with Dusty Springfield mentioned for her version of the Carole King and Gerry Goffin song Goin’ Back.

    Lead researcher Jacinta Kelly, senior lecturer in nursing at Anglia Ruskin University, whose work is published in the Journal of Advanced Nursing, says popular music is a powerful tool that can influence behaviour and attitudes, and it should be used responsibly.

    “For example, The Beatles’ When I’m Sixty Four, is generally thought of as an upbeat tune that is quite lighthearted. “But the lyrics ‘when I get older, losing my hair, many years from now, will you still be sending me a valentine, birthday greeting, bottle of wine’ are actually questioning whether someone who is old is still loveable, and that’s concerning.”

    Likewise, The Who’s My Generation song has lyrics saying “I hope I die before I get old”, while Pulp’s Help The Aged track asks the listener to give the aged hope and comfort “cos they’re running out of time”. But Dusty Springfield sings that “growing old is no sin” and John Lennon’s song declares “now I am older, ah hah, the future is brighter”.

    The researchers scanned the Music Lyric Database, Songfacts, The Macronium and Absolute Lyrics for English language music texts relating to age and ageing. Then they categorised the songs they found as either “contented and celebrated aged”, “pitiful and petulant pensioners” or “frail and flagging old folks”.

    Ms Kelly said: “The message coming out of the negative songs is that the elderly are frail and a burden. It’s confidencelowering. Music is very pervasive and the message could penetrate. While it may prove an impossible task, as well as an infringement on the freedom of expression, to censor negative portrayals of old age, it is important that awareness is raised and some efforts are made to reduce these negative stereotypes.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)