Questões de Inglês

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Do insects feel emotions?

 

    Charles Darwin once wrote in his book The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals that insects “express anger, terror, jealousy and love.” That was in 1872. Now, nearly 150 years later, researchers have discovered more evidence that Darwin might have been onto something. Bumblebees seem to have a “positive emotionlike state,” according to a study published in Science. In other words, they may experience something akin to happiness. To some, the idea is still controversial, however.

    Unlike humans, you can’t simply ask a bee to interrogate its own emotions and describe them. Instead, researchers have to look for evidence that the insects have the cognitive, behavioral and physiological building blocks that, when combined, can give rise to a complex phenomenon like emotion.

    Biologist Clint Perry of Queen Mary, University of London devised an experiment to do just that. He and his colleagues trained bumblebees to distinguish between a blue flower placed on the left side of a container and a green one on the right. When the bees explored the blue flower, they found a 30 percent sugar solution. But when they explored the green one, they slurped up plain, unsweetened water. Eventually, the bees learned to associate the blue flower with a tasty reward.

    Then the researchers tested the bees on ambiguously colored flowers at intermediate locations. Half of the insects were given a 60 percent sugar solution prior to the test, and those bees flew faster toward the ambiguous blue-green flower. The remaining bees that were not given the sugar flew more slowly.

The assumption that an ambiguous stimulus contains a reward despite the lack of evidence is called an optimism bias. Perry’s experiment suggests that a bit of sugar amped up the bees into a positive emotional state, making them more optimistic that the flower would contain a sugary treat.

    Sound familiar? Something similar is true in humans – newborn infants cry less if they’ve been offered a sweet snack, and a bit of candy increases feelings of positivity and improves bad moods in adults, too. “Many of us view the world in a better way when we have a nice piece of dark chocolate,” Perry says.

    There is no intrinsic reason that insects shouldn’t experience emotions. Feelings, on the other hand, are a separate issue. Even though we use the two terms interchangeably in common parlance, scientists use them differently. “Emotions are collections of actions, and numerous species have emoted,” says neuroscientist and philosopher Antonio Damasio of the University of Southern California, “though we can not be certain that they felt their emotings.” In other words, emotions are the body’s adaptive response to external events or stimuli. Feelings are the subjective experience of them.

(Jason G. Goldman. www.scientificamerican.com, 30.09.2016. Adaptado.)

O trecho do primeiro parágrafo “Darwin might have been onto something” indica que Darwin poderia

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Brazilian doctors use fish skin to treat burn victims

 

    Researchers in Brazil are experimenting with a new treatment for severe burns using the skin of tilapia fish, an unorthodox procedure they say can ease the pain of victims and cut medical costs. Frozen pig skin and even human tissue have long been placed on burns to keep them moist and allow the transfer of collagen, a protein that promotes healing.

    Brazil’s public hospitals, however, lack human and pig skin supplies and the artificial alternatives easily available in Western countries. Instead, gauze bandage, which needs regular changing – often painfully – is the norm. Tilapia is abundant in Brazil’s rivers and fish farms, which are expanding rapidly as demand grows for the mildly flavored freshwater fish.

    Scientists at the Federal University of Ceara in northern Brazil have found that tilapia skin has moisture, collagen and disease resistance at levels comparable to human skin, and can aid in healing. In China, researchers have tested tilapia skin on rodents to study its healing properties, but scientists in Brazil say their trials are the first on humans.

    “The use of tilapia skin on burns is unprecedented,” said Odorico de Morais, a professor at Ceara University. “The fish skin is usually thrown away, so we are using this product to convert it into something of social benefit.” The tilapia treatment can speed up healing by several days and reduces the need for pain medication, the Brazilian researchers say

    The fish skin has high levels of collagen type 1, stays moist longer than gauze, and does not need to be changed frequently. Morais said that the tilapia skin treatment costs 75 percent less than the sulfadiazine cream typically used on burn patients in Brazil, as it is a cheap fish-farming waste product. The researchers hope the treatment will prove commercially viable and encourage businesses to process tilapia skin for medical use.

(Paulo Whitaker e Pablo Garcia. www.reuters.com, 25.05.2017. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o quinto parágrafo,

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Brazilian doctors use fish skin to treat burn victims

 

    Researchers in Brazil are experimenting with a new treatment for severe burns using the skin of tilapia fish, an unorthodox procedure they say can ease the pain of victims and cut medical costs. Frozen pig skin and even human tissue have long been placed on burns to keep them moist and allow the transfer of collagen, a protein that promotes healing.

    Brazil’s public hospitals, however, lack human and pig skin supplies and the artificial alternatives easily available in Western countries. Instead, gauze bandage, which needs regular changing – often painfully – is the norm. Tilapia is abundant in Brazil’s rivers and fish farms, which are expanding rapidly as demand grows for the mildly flavored freshwater fish.

    Scientists at the Federal University of Ceara in northern Brazil have found that tilapia skin has moisture, collagen and disease resistance at levels comparable to human skin, and can aid in healing. In China, researchers have tested tilapia skin on rodents to study its healing properties, but scientists in Brazil say their trials are the first on humans.

    “The use of tilapia skin on burns is unprecedented,” said Odorico de Morais, a professor at Ceara University. “The fish skin is usually thrown away, so we are using this product to convert it into something of social benefit.” The tilapia treatment can speed up healing by several days and reduces the need for pain medication, the Brazilian researchers say

    The fish skin has high levels of collagen type 1, stays moist longer than gauze, and does not need to be changed frequently. Morais said that the tilapia skin treatment costs 75 percent less than the sulfadiazine cream typically used on burn patients in Brazil, as it is a cheap fish-farming waste product. The researchers hope the treatment will prove commercially viable and encourage businesses to process tilapia skin for medical use.

(Paulo Whitaker e Pablo Garcia. www.reuters.com, 25.05.2017. Adaptado.)

In the excerpt from the fourth paragraph “to convert it into something”, the word in bold refers to

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Brazilian doctors use fish skin to treat burn victims

 

    Researchers in Brazil are experimenting with a new treatment for severe burns using the skin of tilapia fish, an unorthodox procedure they say can ease the pain of victims and cut medical costs. Frozen pig skin and even human tissue have long been placed on burns to keep them moist and allow the transfer of collagen, a protein that promotes healing.

    Brazil’s public hospitals, however, lack human and pig skin supplies and the artificial alternatives easily available in Western countries. Instead, gauze bandage, which needs regular changing – often painfully – is the norm. Tilapia is abundant in Brazil’s rivers and fish farms, which are expanding rapidly as demand grows for the mildly flavored freshwater fish.

    Scientists at the Federal University of Ceara in northern Brazil have found that tilapia skin has moisture, collagen and disease resistance at levels comparable to human skin, and can aid in healing. In China, researchers have tested tilapia skin on rodents to study its healing properties, but scientists in Brazil say their trials are the first on humans.

    “The use of tilapia skin on burns is unprecedented,” said Odorico de Morais, a professor at Ceara University. “The fish skin is usually thrown away, so we are using this product to convert it into something of social benefit.” The tilapia treatment can speed up healing by several days and reduces the need for pain medication, the Brazilian researchers say

    The fish skin has high levels of collagen type 1, stays moist longer than gauze, and does not need to be changed frequently. Morais said that the tilapia skin treatment costs 75 percent less than the sulfadiazine cream typically used on burn patients in Brazil, as it is a cheap fish-farming waste product. The researchers hope the treatment will prove commercially viable and encourage businesses to process tilapia skin for medical use.

(Paulo Whitaker e Pablo Garcia. www.reuters.com, 25.05.2017. Adaptado.)

In the excerpt from the first paragraph “an unorthodox procedure”, the word in bold can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by

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Xennials, the microgeneration between

Gen X and Millennials

 

    We’re all tired of hearing about millennials, but there’s a new group who we’re about to be talking about a lot more. Defined as the generation born between 1982 and 2004, millennials are aged between 13 and 35. The generation before, Gen X, spanned another 20 years, beginning in 1961 and ending in 1981.

    Enter Xennials, the new term being used to describe people born between 1977 and 1983. Like the pessimistic Gen Xers before them, this microgeneration is not as tech savvy as the millennials who are considered digital natives. “The idea is there’s this micro or in-between generation between the Gen X group – who we think of as the depressed flanneletteshirt-wearing, grunge-listening children that came after the Baby Boomers and the millennials – who get described as optimistic, tech savvy and maybe a little bit too sure of themselves and too confident,” says Dan Woodman, Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Melbourne.

    Woodman went on to explain that while millennials have always grown up with technology, Xennials had to make an adjustment to embrace it. “It was a particularly unique experience. You have a childhood, youth and adolescence free of having to worry about social media posts and mobile phones... We learned to consume media and came of age before there was Facebook and Twitter and Snapchat and all these things where you still watch the evening news or read the newspaper,” he noted.

(Joy D’Souza. www.huffingtonpost.ca, 03.07.2017. Adaptado.)

No trecho do segundo parágrafo “this microgeneration is not as tech savvy as the millennials”, os termos em destaque indicam uma ideia de

Student on Homesickness

 

   When the homesickness hits, I usually get lazy and tired and just feel like going home and sleeping. I miss the safety of my family and the comfort of home, but most of all I miss my mother and just being able to talk to her whenever I want.

    The homesickness usually hits when I feel out of place, or when I hear a song, or see something that reminds me of them. Usually, when I Skype them, it makes me feel worse because I can see them and talk to them, but I can't be with them.

 

Lara Wyatt, 20, Boston.

Disponível em: www.bbc.co.uk. Acesso em: 25 set. 2013.

 

O texto descreve uma situação muito comum entre as pessoas que passam a viver fora de sua cidade.

 

Considerando as palavras homesickness, family e comfort, o depoimento da estudante Lara Wyatt ressalta