Questões de Inglês

Directions: Answer question according to the text.

TEXT
 

WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY?

    Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th
century. Slavery continues today and harms people in
every country in the world.
    Women forced into prostitution. People forced to
[5] work in agriculture, domestic work and factories.
Children in sweatshops¹ producing goods sold globally.
Entire families forced to work for nothing to pay off
generational debts. Girls forced to marry older men.
    There are estimated 40.3 million people in modern
[10] slavery around the world, including:
    • 10 million children
    • 24.9 million people in forced labour
    • 15.4 million people in forced marriage
    • 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation
[15] Someone is in slavery if they are:
    • forced to work – through coercion, or mental or
physical threat;
    • owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through
mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse;
[20]     • dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought
and sold as ‘property’;
    • physically constrained or have restrictions placed
on their freedom of movement.
Slavery has been a disgraceful aspect of human
[25] society for most of human history. However, Anti-
Slavery International has refused to accept that this
bloody status quo should be allowed to persist (Aidan
McQuade, former director).
    Forms of modern slavery
[30]     Purposes of exploitation² can range from forced
prostitution and forced labour to forced marriage and
forced organ removal. Here are the most common
forms of modern slavery.
    • Forced labour – any work or services which people
[35] are forced to do against their will³ under the threat
of some form of punishment.
    • Debt bondage or bonded labour – the world’s most
widespread form of slavery, when people borrow
money they cannot repay and are required to work
[40] to pay off the debt, then losing control over the
conditions of both their employment and the debt.
    • Human trafficking– involves transporting, recruiting
or harbouring people for the purpose of exploitation,
using violence, threats or coercion.
[45]    • Descent-based slavery – where people are born
into slavery because their ancestors were captured
and enslaved; they remain in slavery by descent.
    • Child slavery – many people often confuse child
slavery with child labour, but it is much worse.
[50] Whilst⁴ child labour is harmful for children and
hinders⁵ their education and development, child
slavery occurs when a child is exploited for
someone else’s gain. It can include child trafficking,
child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic
[55] slavery.
    • Forced and early marriage – when someone is
married against their will and cannot leave the
marriage. Most child marriages can be considered
slavery.
[60]     Many forms of slavery have more than one element
listed above. For example, human trafficking often
involves advance payment for travel and a job abroad,
using money often borrowed from the traffickers. Then,
the debt contributes to control of the victims. Once they
[65] arrive, victims cannot leave until they pay off their debt.
    Many people think that slavery happens only
overseas, in developing countries. In fact, no country is
free from modern slavery, even Britain. The

Government estimates that there are tens of thousands
[70] people in modern slavery in the UK.
    Modern slavery can affect people of any age,
gender or race. However, contrary to a common
misconception⁶ that everyone can be a victim of
slavery, some groups of people are much more
[75] vulnerable to slavery than others.
    People who live in poverty⁷ and have limited
opportunities for decent work are more vulnerable to
accepting deceptive job offers that can turn exploitative.
People who are discriminated against on the basis of
[80] race, caste, or gender are also more likely to be
enslaved. Slavery is also more likely to occur where the
rule of law is weaker and corruption is rife.
Anti-Slavery International believes that we have to
tackle⁸ the root causes of slavery in order to end
[85] slavery for good. That’s why we published our Anti-
Slavery Charter, listing comprehensive measures that
need to be taken to end slavery across the world.

(Adapted from https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/)

Glossary:
1. sweatshop – a factory where workers are paid very little and work many hours in very bad conditions
2. exploitation – abuse, manipulation
3. will – wish, desire
4. whilst – while
5. to hinder – obstruct, stop
6. misconception – wrong idea/ impression
7. poverty – the condition of being extremely poor
8. to tackle – attack

Directions: Answer question according to the text.

TEXT
 

WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY?

    Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th
century. Slavery continues today and harms people in
every country in the world.
    Women forced into prostitution. People forced to
[5] work in agriculture, domestic work and factories.
Children in sweatshops¹ producing goods sold globally.
Entire families forced to work for nothing to pay off
generational debts. Girls forced to marry older men.
    There are estimated 40.3 million people in modern
[10] slavery around the world, including:
    • 10 million children
    • 24.9 million people in forced labour
    • 15.4 million people in forced marriage
    • 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation
[15] Someone is in slavery if they are:
    • forced to work – through coercion, or mental or
physical threat;
    • owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through
mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse;
[20]     • dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought
and sold as ‘property’;
    • physically constrained or have restrictions placed
on their freedom of movement.
Slavery has been a disgraceful aspect of human
[25] society for most of human history. However, Anti-
Slavery International has refused to accept that this
bloody status quo should be allowed to persist (Aidan
McQuade, former director).
    Forms of modern slavery
[30]     Purposes of exploitation² can range from forced
prostitution and forced labour to forced marriage and
forced organ removal. Here are the most common
forms of modern slavery.
    • Forced labour – any work or services which people
[35] are forced to do against their will³ under the threat
of some form of punishment.
    • Debt bondage or bonded labour – the world’s most
widespread form of slavery, when people borrow
money they cannot repay and are required to work
[40] to pay off the debt, then losing control over the
conditions of both their employment and the debt.
    • Human trafficking– involves transporting, recruiting
or harbouring people for the purpose of exploitation,
using violence, threats or coercion.
[45]    • Descent-based slavery – where people are born
into slavery because their ancestors were captured
and enslaved; they remain in slavery by descent.
    • Child slavery – many people often confuse child
slavery with child labour, but it is much worse.
[50] Whilst⁴ child labour is harmful for children and
hinders⁵ their education and development, child
slavery occurs when a child is exploited for
someone else’s gain. It can include child trafficking,
child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic
[55] slavery.
    • Forced and early marriage – when someone is
married against their will and cannot leave the
marriage. Most child marriages can be considered
slavery.
[60]     Many forms of slavery have more than one element
listed above. For example, human trafficking often
involves advance payment for travel and a job abroad,
using money often borrowed from the traffickers. Then,
the debt contributes to control of the victims. Once they
[65] arrive, victims cannot leave until they pay off their debt.
    Many people think that slavery happens only
overseas, in developing countries. In fact, no country is
free from modern slavery, even Britain. The

Government estimates that there are tens of thousands
[70] people in modern slavery in the UK.
    Modern slavery can affect people of any age,
gender or race. However, contrary to a common
misconception⁶ that everyone can be a victim of
slavery, some groups of people are much more
[75] vulnerable to slavery than others.
    People who live in poverty⁷ and have limited
opportunities for decent work are more vulnerable to
accepting deceptive job offers that can turn exploitative.
People who are discriminated against on the basis of
[80] race, caste, or gender are also more likely to be
enslaved. Slavery is also more likely to occur where the
rule of law is weaker and corruption is rife.
Anti-Slavery International believes that we have to
tackle⁸ the root causes of slavery in order to end
[85] slavery for good. That’s why we published our Anti-
Slavery Charter, listing comprehensive measures that
need to be taken to end slavery across the world.

(Adapted from https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/)

Glossary:
1. sweatshop – a factory where workers are paid very little and work many hours in very bad conditions
2. exploitation – abuse, manipulation
3. will – wish, desire
4. whilst – while
5. to hinder – obstruct, stop
6. misconception – wrong idea/ impression
7. poverty – the condition of being extremely poor
8. to tackle – attack

STATE-SPONSORED HAPPINESS
By Karen Greenspan

[1]     Last November [2015], citizens of the tiny Himalayan nation of Bhutan were in a frenzy preparing for the sixtieth birth anniversary of their previous
king, His Majesty the Fourth Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who had reigned from 1972–2006. This wise, benevolent, and
innovative leader brought Bhutan into the modern age by implementing such public policies as free public education, free healthcare services, well-planned
business development, internet connectivity, and vigorous environmental protections. In an unparalleled move, he launched the drafting of a constitution
and shifted the country to democracy. He then abdicated the throne to his eldest son, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. According to many, the
Fourth Druk Gyalpo made this move because he did not want his son to be thrust unprepared into the role of leadership as he had been at age sixteen when
his father died suddenly and unexpectedly.
[2]     The Fourth Druk Gyalpo is probably most renowned, however, for introducing the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH)—the government policy
that measures the growth and development of the country by the happiness and contentment of its people. At the core of the policy are four priorities—
equitable and sustainable development, protection of the environment, preservation and promotion of Bhutan’s unique cultural heritage, and provision
of good and responsive governance.
[3]     In honor of the Fourth Druk Gyalpo’s birthday, the entire country observed three days of celebration from November 9-11. Because Bhutan is a Buddhist
country, prayers and rituals were woven into the festivities. The Je Khenpo, spiritual leader of the country, wrote a special zhabten—a prayer for the long
life of an individual composed by a senior spiritual figure whose power of speech is considered capable of turning word into reality. Other prayers and texts
were to be recited across the country in fortresses, monasteries, temples, and seminaries. At Changlimithang Stadium in the capital city of Thimphu, one
hundred monks rehearsed a sacred dance called Zheng Zhi Pem, which is a component of the Longevity Ritual. An elaborate ceremonial procession with
military, monastic, and government officials, as well as an honor guard of one thousand army personnel, was presented three times to His Majesty.
[4]     Because the people of Bhutan are so happy – more than ninety-one percent of the population were scored as happy in a 2015 GNH survey – many of
them wanted to participate in showing gratitude for His Majesty’s leadership. The currency [moeda] of gratitude in this land of happiness is dance. As a
result, practically all of Bhutan took part in commemorating – mostly through dance – the birthday of the Fourth Druk Gyalpo. The release of thousands
of colorful, biodegradable balloons and three cake-cutting ceremonies capped the celebrations.
[5]     What I understood, after witnessing these events in November, is that a government’s focus on the happiness of a country’s people can be a powerful
transformative force, an instrument for positive social change.

Adapted from Natural History, March 2016.

A questão se refere ao texto a seguir:

  […] A picture of Brighton beach in 1976, featured in the Guardian a few weeks ago, appeared to show an alien
race. Almost everyone was slim. I mentioned it on social media, then went on holiday. When I returned, I found that
people were still debating it. The heated discussion prompted me to read more. How have we grown so fat, so fast? To
my astonishment, almost every explanation proposed in the thread turned out to be untrue. […] The obvious
[5] explanation, many on social media insisted, is that we’re eating more. […]
  So here’s the first big surprise: we ate more in 1976. According to government figures, we currently consume an
average of 2,130 kilocalories a day, a figure that appears to include sweets and alcohol. But in 1976, we consumed
2,280 kcal excluding alcohol and sweets, or 2,590 kcal when they’re included. I have found no reason to disbelieve the
figu res. […]
[10]   So what has happened? The light begins to dawn when you look at the nutrition figures in more detail. Yes, we
ate more in 1976, but differently. Today, we buy half as much fresh milk per person, but five times more yoghurt, three
times more ice cream and – wait for it – 39 times as many dairy desserts. We buy half as many eggs as in 1976, but a
third more breakfast cereals and twice the cereal snacks; half the total potatoes, but three times the crisps. While our
direct purchases of sugar have sharply declined, the sugar we consume in drinks and confectionery is likely to have
[15] rocketed (there are purchase numbers only from 1992, at which point they were rising rapidly. Perhaps, as we
consumed just 9kcal a day in the form of drinks in 1976, no one thought the numbers were worth collecting.) In other
words, the opportunities to load our food with sugar have boomed. As some experts have long proposed, this seems to
be the issue.
  The shift has not happened by accident. As Jacques Peretti argued in his film The Men Who Made Us Fat, food
[20] companies have invested heavily in designing products that use sugar to bypass our natural appetite control
mechanisms, and in packaging and promoting these products to break down what remains of our defenses, including
through the use of subliminal scents. They employ an army of food scientists and psychologists to trick us into eating
more than we need, while their advertisers use the latest findings in neuroscience to overcome our resistance.
  They hire biddable scientists and thinktanks to confuse us about the causes of obesity. Above all, just as the
[30]  tobacco companies did with smoking, they promote the idea that weight is a question of “personal responsibility”. After
spending billions on overriding our willpower, they blame us for failing to exercise it.
  To judge by the debate the 1976 photograph triggered, it works. “There are no excuses. Take responsibility for
your own lives, people!” “No one force feeds you junk food, it’s personal choice. We’re not lemmings.” “Sometimes I think
having free healthcare is a mistake. It’s everyone’s right to be lazy and fat because there is a sense of entitlement about
[35] getting fixed.” The thrill of disapproval chimes disastrously with industry propaganda. We delight in blaming the victims.
  More alarmingly, according to a paper in the Lancet, more than 90% of policymakers believe that “personal
motivation” is “a strong or very strong influence on the rise of obesity”. Such people propose no mechanism by which the
61% of English people who are overweight or obese have lost their willpower. But this improbable explanation seems
immune to evidence.
[40]  Perhaps this is because obesophobia is often a fatly-disguised form of snobbery. In most rich nations, obesity
rates are much higher at the bottom of the socioeconomic scale. They correlate strongly with inequality, which helps to
explain why the UK’s incidence is greater than in most European and OECD nations. The scientific literature shows how
the lower spending power, stress, anxiety and depression associated with low social status makes people more
vulnerable to bad diets.
[45]  Just as jobless people are blamed for structural unemployment, and indebted people are blamed for impossible
housing costs, fat people are blamed for a societal problem. But yes, willpower needs to be exercised – by governments.
Yes, we need personal responsibility – on the part of policymakers. And yes, control needs to be exerted – over those
who have discovered our weaknesses and ruthlessly exploit them. 

Adaptado de:

Read the comic to answer question.

Read the comic to answer question.