Questões de Inglês

Indigenous people in Brazil seek out cities, end up in slums

 

RIO DE JANEIRO — The dancers shake seed-filled maracas and raise their voices in song, conjuring an ancient spirit that vibrates above the traffic roaring from a nearby expressway and the beat of funk music blasting from a neighbor's loudspeaker.

 

In this Brazilian favela, the indigenous people are struggling to keep some of their traditions alive that, besides providing a sense of community, helps them endure the discrimination they face in the city. Forced out of their native lands by deforestation, miners and farmers, nearly one in four Brazilian Indians nowadays live in urban areas and an estimated 22,000 of them now call the crowded favelas their home.

Life in the slums, despite its difficulties, has its advantages. “The slums are the one place in the city where you have the kind of solidarity we Indians have in the villages." said a Pataxó woman who lives in Rio de Janeiro's Maré Complex.

(Adaptado de Associated Press, Indigenous people in Brazil seek out cities, end up in slums, Dailymail, 16/09/2014.)

 

Assinale a alternativa que indica corretamente os fenômenos geográficos mencionados no texto a respeito das populações indígenas.

NYPD 911 OPERATORS

 

Opportunities as a Police Communications Technician Police Communications Technicians (911 Operators/ Radio Dispatchers)

 

Starting Salary: $33,162 and can increase to $44,899

 

Requirements:

 

1. Four year high school diploma.

2. New York City residency is required within 90 days of appointment.

3. Must be able to understand and be understood in English.

4. Must pass a drug screening.

 

APPLICATION FEE: $47.00 - Payable on the day of the test.

Disponível em: www.nypdcivilianjobs.com. Acesso em: 17 out. 2013.

 

Neste anúncio de emprego no Departamento de Polícia da cidade de Nova Iorque, um dos requisitos para se preencher a vaga é

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The importance of keeping forests intact

 

    When it comes to habitat quality and ecosystem services, research has shown that natural landscapes do it best. A new study, published recently in Nature, adds fodder to this argument, describing how intact forests are critically important for mitigating climate change, maintaining water supplies, safeguarding biodiversity, and even protecting human health. However, it warns that global policies aimed at reducing deforestation are not putting enough emphasis on the preservation of the world's dwindling intact forests, instead relying on a one-size-fits-all approach that may end up doing more harm than good.

    Intact forests are large areas of connected habitat free from human-caused disturbance. From the Amazon rainforest in South America to the taiga that rings the Arctic, the Earth's intact forests provide a diverse array of unbroken habitats for many — if not most — of the planet's terrestrial wildlife.

    But intact forests are disappearing. An analysis released last year found that, overall, the world lost more than 7 percent of its intact forest landscapes in just over a decade, a trend that appears to be accelerating. Zooming in, the analysis reveals bigger losses for specific regions: 10.1 percent in Africa, 13.9 percent in Southeast Asia, nearly 22 percent in Australia. At the country level, Paraguay came out particularly bad, losing almost 80 percent of its intact forest landscapes between 2000 and 2013

    The driving force behind these losses varies depending on location, but agriculture, logging, and road building are global heavy-hitters. And the disturbance doesn't need to be big in size to have a big impact; research has shown even small logging roads can open up a "Pandora's box" of destructive repercussions that can threaten the integrity of a once-untouched forest. Such seemingly small, localized deforestation activities have resulted in a situation where the world's forests have essentially been cut up into an estimated 50 million fragments — which scientists think is closing in on a tipping point at which forest fragmentation may dramatically accelerate.

From: https://psmag.com/environment/preserving-the-worldsforests. Accessed on 05/11/2019

De acordo com o texto, entre as causas principais do desmatamento das florestas está(ão):

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America is one of 6 countries that make up more than half of gun deaths worldwide (Part I)

 

    A new study puts the US’s gun problem in a global perspective. It’s really bad.

    Out of the world’s 251,000 gun deaths every year, there’s a group of six countries that make up more than half of those deaths — and the United States is in it, according to a new study published in JAMA.

    The five other countries are Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guatemala, which have differing problems, but generally have much weaker economies and institutions — particularly criminal justice systems — than America. No other developed nation comes close to the death toll these other countries face to gun violence, which, for the purposes of this study, excludes deaths from war, terrorism, executions, and police.

    The top six’s gun death tolls for 2016: Brazil was 43,200, the US 37,200, Mexico 15,400, Colombia 13,300, Venezuela 12,800, and Guatemala 5,090. Collectively, these countries made up less than 10 percent of the global population but 50.5 percent of the world’s gun deaths, the study found.

From: https://www.vox.com/2018/8/29/17792776/us-gun-deathsglobal. Accessed on 05/10/2019

Depois de ler o texto, é possível concluir que no Brasil:

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America is one of 6 countries that make up more than half of gun deaths worldwide (Part I)

 

    A new study puts the US’s gun problem in a global perspective. It’s really bad.

    Out of the world’s 251,000 gun deaths every year, there’s a group of six countries that make up more than half of those deaths — and the United States is in it, according to a new study published in JAMA.

    The five other countries are Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guatemala, which have differing problems, but generally have much weaker economies and institutions — particularly criminal justice systems — than America. No other developed nation comes close to the death toll these other countries face to gun violence, which, for the purposes of this study, excludes deaths from war, terrorism, executions, and police.

    The top six’s gun death tolls for 2016: Brazil was 43,200, the US 37,200, Mexico 15,400, Colombia 13,300, Venezuela 12,800, and Guatemala 5,090. Collectively, these countries made up less than 10 percent of the global population but 50.5 percent of the world’s gun deaths, the study found.

From: https://www.vox.com/2018/8/29/17792776/us-gun-deathsglobal. Accessed on 05/10/2019

Foram considerados nesse estudo:

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What is Sociology?

 

    Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts. Since all human behavior is social, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports. In fact, few fields have such broad scope and relevance for research, theory, and application of knowledge.

    Sociology provides many distinctive perspectives on the world, generating new ideas and critiquing the old. The field also offers a range of research techniques that can be applied to virtually any aspect of social life: street crime and delinquency, corporate downsizing, how people express emotions, welfare or education reform, how families differ and flourish, or problems of peace and war. Because sociology addresses the most challenging issues of our time, it is a rapidly expanding field whose potential is increasingly tapped by those who craft policies and create programs. Sociologists understand social inequality, patterns of behavior, forces for social change and resistance, and how social systems work. As the following pages convey, sociology is an exciting discipline with expanding opportunities for a wide range of career paths.

From: https://sociology.case.edu/what-is-sociology/. Accessed on 05/11/2019

Não é competência do sociólogo: