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Questões de Inglês
19.971 Questões
Questão 37 48574
UFMG 1ª Fase 2009Salt
What substance is essential to life but can damage your health
if taken in excess? What has been used as money and has been
the cause of bitter warfare? What is so important to our culture
that references to it abound in every language around the globe?
[5] Nothing less than salt — that white granular seasoning found on
virtually every dining table.
Although current nutritional advice warns against consuming
too much salt, without it we would die. In addition, salt is one
of the most effective and widely used food preservatives and its
[10] industrial uses are innumerable. Indeed, salt is vitally important to
agriculture, snow and ice control, water conditioning, the chemical
industry, metals production — to name just a few!
Salt has a fascinating history and references to it are common
since writing began. Some 2,700 years BC the Peng-Tzao-Kan-Mu
[15] was published in China. This is probably the earliest known treatise
on pharmacology. A major portion of this writing is devoted to
a discussion of more than 40 kinds of salt. The treatise includes
descriptions of two methods of extracting salt and adapting it to a
usable form. The ancient Chinese methods for obtaining salt are
[20] amazingly similar to processes still in use today.
Salt has also been of crucial economic importance. In some
parts of the world, salt was minted into coins and deemed to be as
valuable as gold. The ancient Greeks traded salt for slaves, giving
rise to the phrase “not worth his salt” to describe someone who
[25] is lazy or does not work hard. The beautiful Italian city of Venice
was built on revenue from the salt trade. Roman soldiers were
partially paid in the mineral known as “salarium argentum”, out
of which comes the common English word “salary”. References
to salt abound in languages around the globe, especially where
[30] salt is important to food. From the Latin “sal”, for example, come
such words for preserved foods as “sauce” and “sausage”.
Costin, Helen. Modern English Digest, 2005. v. 3, p. 8-11. (Adapted)
According to the text, we cannot say that
Questão 36 48573
UFMG 1ª Fase 2009Promoting a Global Dialogue on Water
Water scarcity has been surfacing more and more as a serious
global issue in recent years. That scarcity has caused significant
business disruptions across all sectors and geographies, and with
all the associated technical, economic, political, environmental
and social implications. This reality is projected to worsen in the
future, as a result of climate change and demographics.
The UN Human Development Report 2006 stresses this
critical issue: “Better access to water and sanitation would act as
the catalyst for a giant advance in human development, creating
opportunities for gains in public health, education and economic
growth.” Experience from the climate change debate has shown
that translating awareness to specific action takes many years.
There is a major challenge in catalysing effective action on
a global level. Governments play an important role in helping to
mitigate and adapt to the challenge, but so does the private sector,
through individual company actions and through innovative
public-private partnerships.
Such partnerships can offer a useful solution. Since late 2005,
the Forum’s Water Initiative has focused on creating networks
in South Africa and India. The objective has been to catalyze
ideas for public-private water infrastructure projects and shape
them into well-developed, bankable project propositions, and
financing plans.
http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/water/GlobalDialogue/index.htm Access: july, 2008. (Adapted)
We can say that the text argues in favor of
Questão 34 48571
UFMG 1ª Fase 2009Promoting a Global Dialogue on Water
Water scarcity has been surfacing more and more as a serious
global issue in recent years. That scarcity has caused significant
business disruptions across all sectors and geographies, and with
all the associated technical, economic, political, environmental
and social implications. This reality is projected to worsen in the
future, as a result of climate change and demographics.
The UN Human Development Report 2006 stresses this
critical issue: “Better access to water and sanitation would act as
the catalyst for a giant advance in human development, creating
opportunities for gains in public health, education and economic
growth.” Experience from the climate change debate has shown
that translating awareness to specific action takes many years.
There is a major challenge in catalysing effective action on
a global level. Governments play an important role in helping to
mitigate and adapt to the challenge, but so does the private sector,
through individual company actions and through innovative
public-private partnerships.
Such partnerships can offer a useful solution. Since late 2005,
the Forum’s Water Initiative has focused on creating networks
in South Africa and India. The objective has been to catalyze
ideas for public-private water infrastructure projects and shape
them into well-developed, bankable project propositions, and
financing plans.
http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/water/GlobalDialogue/index.htm Access: july, 2008. (Adapted)
The word does (line 15) can be best interpreted as
Questão 21 48433
UERJ 2009/2Picnics, pythons and heroes ... oh my!
Golden Retriever rescues young girl from python
It was a warm, sunny August afternoon, and Michelle Arnold of Farmingville, NY, ran inside her kitchen to pour her two daughters, Kaila (7) and Sara (3), a drink for their backyard picnic. Kaila followed her mother inside to help, leaving Sara to play in their new toy ball pit. Seconds later, Michelle heard a scream and then crying. She ran outside and found their pet Golden Retriever, Sundance, barking at a large, strangelooking snake dead on the ground, and Sara crying on top of the picnic table.
Michelle quickly checked her daughter for bites, but found nothing. Sundance had saved the day. The large, eight-foot snake – a ball python – had made the Arnold’s ball pit its home and when Sara jumped in, it became agitated and started to slither toward her. Sundance, recognizing the danger, began to bark loudly at the reptile and eventually killed it to protect his young owner.
The following year, Sunny won the Dog Hero of the Year Award, sponsored by Del Monte Pet Products. “I broke into tears”, said Michelle. “Sundance needs an operation to remove a few cysts from the back of his shoulders and we didn’t have enough money to schedule the surgery. Now, we are going to use the prize money for his operation. He has done so much for us, now it’s our turn to help him. Sundance saved my daughter’s life and, ever since that day, his official name became Sunny, the Hero Dog.”
http://www.kibblesnbitsdoghero.com/
The text is an account of a dog’s good actions.
The message conveyed in this text is best summarized in:
Questão 20 48432
UERJ 2009/2Heroism: why heroes are important
The term “hero” comes from the ancient Greeks. For
them, a hero was a mortal who had done something
so far beyond the normal scope of human experience
that he left an immortal memory behind him when
[5] he died, and thus received worship like that due to
the gods. But people who had committed unthinkable
crimes were also called heroes. Originally, heroes
were not necessarily good, but they were always
extraordinary; to be a hero was to expand people’s
[10] sense of what was possible for a human being.
Today, it is much harder to detach the concept of
heroism from morality; we only call heroes those whom
we admire and wish to emulate. But still the concept
retains that original link to possibility. We need heroes
[15] first and foremost because our heroes help define the
limits of our aspirations. We largely define our ideals
by the heroes we choose, and our ideals – things like
courage, honor and justice – largely define us. Our
heroes are symbols for us of all the qualities we would
[20] like to possess and all the ambitions we would like
to satisfy. A person who chooses Martin Luther King
as a hero is going to have a very different sense of
what human excellence involves than someone who
chooses, say, Madonna.
[25] That is why it is so important for us as a society,
globally and locally, to try to shape these choices. Of
course, this is a perennial moral issue, but it is clear
that the greatest obstacle to the appreciation and
adoption of heroes in our society is pervasive and
[30] corrosive cynicism and skepticism. This obstacle of
cynicism has been seriously increased by scandals
like the steroids mess in sports competitions and by
our leaders’ opportunistic use of heroic imagery for
short term political gain.
[35] The best antidote to this cynicism is realism about the
limits of human nature. We are cynical because so often
our ideals have been betrayed. We need to separate
out the things that make our heroes noteworthy, and
forgive the shortcomings that blemish their heroic
[40] perfection. The false steps and frailties of heroic
people make them more like us, and since most of us
are not particularly heroic, that may seem to reduce
the heroes’ stature. But this pulls in the other direction
as well: these magnificent spirits, these noble souls,
[45] amazingly, they are like us, they are human too.
Again, the critical moral contribution of heroes is the
expansion of our sense of possibility. Heroes can help
us lift our eyes a little higher to build more boldly
and beautifully than others, and we may all benefit
[50] by their examples. And Heaven knows we need those
examples now.
SCOTT LABARGE www.scu.edu
And Heaven knows we need those examples now. (l. 50-51)
According to the fragment above, hero figures are currently regarded as:
Questão 19 48431
UERJ 2009/2Heroism: why heroes are important
The term “hero” comes from the ancient Greeks. For
them, a hero was a mortal who had done something
so far beyond the normal scope of human experience
that he left an immortal memory behind him when
[5] he died, and thus received worship like that due to
the gods. But people who had committed unthinkable
crimes were also called heroes. Originally, heroes
were not necessarily good, but they were always
extraordinary; to be a hero was to expand people’s
[10] sense of what was possible for a human being.
Today, it is much harder to detach the concept of
heroism from morality; we only call heroes those whom
we admire and wish to emulate. But still the concept
retains that original link to possibility. We need heroes
[15] first and foremost because our heroes help define the
limits of our aspirations. We largely define our ideals
by the heroes we choose, and our ideals – things like
courage, honor and justice – largely define us. Our
heroes are symbols for us of all the qualities we would
[20] like to possess and all the ambitions we would like
to satisfy. A person who chooses Martin Luther King
as a hero is going to have a very different sense of
what human excellence involves than someone who
chooses, say, Madonna.
[25] That is why it is so important for us as a society,
globally and locally, to try to shape these choices. Of
course, this is a perennial moral issue, but it is clear
that the greatest obstacle to the appreciation and
adoption of heroes in our society is pervasive and
[30] corrosive cynicism and skepticism. This obstacle of
cynicism has been seriously increased by scandals
like the steroids mess in sports competitions and by
our leaders’ opportunistic use of heroic imagery for
short term political gain.
[35] The best antidote to this cynicism is realism about the
limits of human nature. We are cynical because so often
our ideals have been betrayed. We need to separate
out the things that make our heroes noteworthy, and
forgive the shortcomings that blemish their heroic
[40] perfection. The false steps and frailties of heroic
people make them more like us, and since most of us
are not particularly heroic, that may seem to reduce
the heroes’ stature. But this pulls in the other direction
as well: these magnificent spirits, these noble souls,
[45] amazingly, they are like us, they are human too.
Again, the critical moral contribution of heroes is the
expansion of our sense of possibility. Heroes can help
us lift our eyes a little higher to build more boldly
and beautifully than others, and we may all benefit
[50] by their examples. And Heaven knows we need those
examples now.
SCOTT LABARGE www.scu.edu
The author claims that skepticism is an obstacle to the adoption of heroes.
The reason for this is best expressed in the following fragment:
06