Questões de Inglês

DOLLHOUSE

[1] A dollhouse is a toy home, made in miniature. For the last century, dollhouses have primarily been the

domain of children but their collection and crafting is also a hobby for many adults.

Today's dollhouses trace their history back about four hundred years to the baby house display cases of

Europe, which showed idealized interiors. Smaller doll houses with more realistic exteriors appeared in Europe in the

[5] 1700s. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but following the Industrial Revolution and World War II, they were

increasingly mass produced and became more standardized and affordable.

Miniature homes, furnished with domestic articles and resident inhabitants, both people and animals, have

been made for thousands of years. The earliest known examples were found in the Egyptian tombs of the Old

Kingdom, created nearly five thousand years ago. These wooden models of servants, furnishings, boats, livestock

[10] and pets placed in the Pyramids almost certainly were made for religious purposes.

The earliest known European dollhouses were the baby houses from the Sixteenth Century, which were

cabinet display cases made up of rooms. They showed idealized interiors complete with extremely detailed

furnishings and accessories. The cabinets were built with architectural details and filled with miniature household

items and were solely the playthings of adults. They were off-limits to children, not because of safety concerns for the

[15] child but for the dollhouse. Such cabinet houses were trophy collections owned by the few matrons living in the cities

of Holland, England and Germany ________ were rich enough to afford them, and, fully furnished, were worth the

price of a modest full-size house's construction.

The early European dollhouses were each unique, constructed on a custom basis by individual craftsmen.

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, factories began producing toys, including dollhouses and miniatures

[20] suitable for furnishing them. Germany was the producer of the most prized dollhouses and their furnishings up until

World War I. Notable German miniature companies included Märklin, Rock and Garner and others. Their products

were not only avidly collected in Central Europe, but regularly exported to Britain and North America. Germany's

involvement in World War I seriously impeded both production and export. New manufacturers in other countries

arose. The TynieToy Company of Providence, in the U.S.A., made authentic replicas of American antique houses and

[25] furniture in a uniform scale beginning in about 1917. Dollhouse dolls and miniatures were also produced in Japan,

mostly by copying original German designs.

After World War II, dollhouses became mass produced in factories on a much larger scale than ever before,

even though with less detailed craftsmanship. By the 1950s, the typical dollhouse sold commercially was made of

painted sheet metal and contained plastic furniture. Such houses cost little enough so that the great majority of girls

[30] from the developed western countries that were not struggling with rebuilding after World War II could own one.

In the United States, most houses have an open back and a fancy front façade, while British houses usually

have a front part that opens to reveal the rooms.

DOLLHOUSE

[1] A dollhouse is a toy home, made in miniature. For the last century, dollhouses have primarily been the

domain of children but their collection and crafting is also a hobby for many adults.

Today's dollhouses trace their history back about four hundred years to the baby house display cases of

Europe, which showed idealized interiors. Smaller doll houses with more realistic exteriors appeared in Europe in the

[5] 1700s. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but following the Industrial Revolution and World War II, they were

increasingly mass produced and became more standardized and affordable.

Miniature homes, furnished with domestic articles and resident inhabitants, both people and animals, have

been made for thousands of years. The earliest known examples were found in the Egyptian tombs of the Old

Kingdom, created nearly five thousand years ago. These wooden models of servants, furnishings, boats, livestock

[10] and pets placed in the Pyramids almost certainly were made for religious purposes.

The earliest known European dollhouses were the baby houses from the Sixteenth Century, which were

cabinet display cases made up of rooms. They showed idealized interiors complete with extremely detailed

furnishings and accessories. The cabinets were built with architectural details and filled with miniature household

items and were solely the playthings of adults. They were off-limits to children, not because of safety concerns for the

[15] child but for the dollhouse. Such cabinet houses were trophy collections owned by the few matrons living in the cities

of Holland, England and Germany ________ were rich enough to afford them, and, fully furnished, were worth the

price of a modest full-size house's construction.

The early European dollhouses were each unique, constructed on a custom basis by individual craftsmen.

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, factories began producing toys, including dollhouses and miniatures

[20] suitable for furnishing them. Germany was the producer of the most prized dollhouses and their furnishings up until

World War I. Notable German miniature companies included Märklin, Rock and Garner and others. Their products

were not only avidly collected in Central Europe, but regularly exported to Britain and North America. Germany's

involvement in World War I seriously impeded both production and export. New manufacturers in other countries

arose. The TynieToy Company of Providence, in the U.S.A., made authentic replicas of American antique houses and

[25] furniture in a uniform scale beginning in about 1917. Dollhouse dolls and miniatures were also produced in Japan,

mostly by copying original German designs.

After World War II, dollhouses became mass produced in factories on a much larger scale than ever before,

even though with less detailed craftsmanship. By the 1950s, the typical dollhouse sold commercially was made of

painted sheet metal and contained plastic furniture. Such houses cost little enough so that the great majority of girls

[30] from the developed western countries that were not struggling with rebuilding after World War II could own one.

In the United States, most houses have an open back and a fancy front façade, while British houses usually

have a front part that opens to reveal the rooms.

He had a hunch…

[1] When Steve Wozniak was in high school in the mid-1960s, he dreamed of owning a computer. His father told

him that computers cost as much as the down payment on a house. “Then I’ll live in an apartment,” Wozniak said.

Today, Wozniak is widely acknowledged as the engineering genius who made computers affordable and userfriendly.

“The other Steve,” as Wozniak is known, is the reclusive cofounder – along with the more flamboyant Steve

[5] Jobs – of Apple Inc.

Growing up in Sunny-vale, California, the heart of what would become Silicon Valley, Wozniak started tinkering

in fourth grade, encouraged by his father, an aerospace engineer. It was a time when NASA and the race to the moon

regularly made front-page news.

By the mid-1970s, the shy young man in his mid-20s and a crowd of like-minded nerds founded the Homebrew

[10] Computer Club, an association that nurtured some of Silicon Valley’s smartest brains. “People were talking about how

we were going to revolutionize the world,” Wozniak recalls.

Until that point, electronic parts had been too expensive for Wozniak’s budget, so he’d been designing his

computers mainly on paper. But then the prices came down enough so that Wozniak could move his designs from the

drawing board to reality. “I built a very tiny computer. I couldn’t afford a device for display, but I had a TV at home and

[15] purchased a keyboard.”

Members were fascinated by the idea of a device small enough to fit on a desk. One of the members was

Steve Jobs, a close friend of Wozniak’s who said, “Let’s build a PC board that makes the assembly easy”. It was the

start of an extraordinarily productive partnership. Together, they managed to save a few hundred dollars to start their

business. They named the company Apple Computer and called Wozniak’s creation the Apple I.

[20] The large computer companies that were manufacturing main frames scoffed at the idea of personal

computers for ordinary people. But Wozniak and Jobs made it happen. And by then a young fellow named Bill Gates

was designing software for small computers.

Wozniak was just 26 years old when he cofounded Apple. He had the opportunity to attain wealth to a degree

few 30-year-olds could even imagine. But money had never been a motivating force for Wozniak.

[25] Now older, Wozniak looks back on his life and says, “The themes that drove me were the love of engineering,

enabling me to design things that other people could not design, and also the social ramifications of doing good. We

were talking about taking the little guy to a new place where the individual would be as important as the big company.

I got to be a creator.”

(Reader’s Digest, p.75-80, mar. 2007. – Texto adaptado.)

He had a hunch…

[1] When Steve Wozniak was in high school in the mid-1960s, he dreamed of owning a computer. His father told

him that computers cost as much as the down payment on a house. “Then I’ll live in an apartment,” Wozniak said.

Today, Wozniak is widely acknowledged as the engineering genius who made computers affordable and userfriendly.

“The other Steve,” as Wozniak is known, is the reclusive cofounder – along with the more flamboyant Steve

[5] Jobs – of Apple Inc.

Growing up in Sunny-vale, California, the heart of what would become Silicon Valley, Wozniak started tinkering

in fourth grade, encouraged by his father, an aerospace engineer. It was a time when NASA and the race to the moon

regularly made front-page news.

By the mid-1970s, the shy young man in his mid-20s and a crowd of like-minded nerds founded the Homebrew

[10] Computer Club, an association that nurtured some of Silicon Valley’s smartest brains. “People were talking about how

we were going to revolutionize the world,” Wozniak recalls.

Until that point, electronic parts had been too expensive for Wozniak’s budget, so he’d been designing his

computers mainly on paper. But then the prices came down enough so that Wozniak could move his designs from the

drawing board to reality. “I built a very tiny computer. I couldn’t afford a device for display, but I had a TV at home and

[15] purchased a keyboard.”

Members were fascinated by the idea of a device small enough to fit on a desk. One of the members was

Steve Jobs, a close friend of Wozniak’s who said, “Let’s build a PC board that makes the assembly easy”. It was the

start of an extraordinarily productive partnership. Together, they managed to save a few hundred dollars to start their

business. They named the company Apple Computer and called Wozniak’s creation the Apple I.

[20] The large computer companies that were manufacturing main frames scoffed at the idea of personal

computers for ordinary people. But Wozniak and Jobs made it happen. And by then a young fellow named Bill Gates

was designing software for small computers.

Wozniak was just 26 years old when he cofounded Apple. He had the opportunity to attain wealth to a degree

few 30-year-olds could even imagine. But money had never been a motivating force for Wozniak.

[25] Now older, Wozniak looks back on his life and says, “The themes that drove me were the love of engineering,

enabling me to design things that other people could not design, and also the social ramifications of doing good. We

were talking about taking the little guy to a new place where the individual would be as important as the big company.

I got to be a creator.”

(Reader’s Digest, p.75-80, mar. 2007. – Texto adaptado.)

He had a hunch…

[1] When Steve Wozniak was in high school in the mid-1960s, he dreamed of owning a computer. His father told

him that computers cost as much as the down payment on a house. “Then I’ll live in an apartment,” Wozniak said.

Today, Wozniak is widely acknowledged as the engineering genius who made computers affordable and userfriendly.

“The other Steve,” as Wozniak is known, is the reclusive cofounder – along with the more flamboyant Steve

[5] Jobs – of Apple Inc.

Growing up in Sunny-vale, California, the heart of what would become Silicon Valley, Wozniak started tinkering

in fourth grade, encouraged by his father, an aerospace engineer. It was a time when NASA and the race to the moon

regularly made front-page news.

By the mid-1970s, the shy young man in his mid-20s and a crowd of like-minded nerds founded the Homebrew

[10] Computer Club, an association that nurtured some of Silicon Valley’s smartest brains. “People were talking about how

we were going to revolutionize the world,” Wozniak recalls.

Until that point, electronic parts had been too expensive for Wozniak’s budget, so he’d been designing his

computers mainly on paper. But then the prices came down enough so that Wozniak could move his designs from the

drawing board to reality. “I built a very tiny computer. I couldn’t afford a device for display, but I had a TV at home and

[15] purchased a keyboard.”

Members were fascinated by the idea of a device small enough to fit on a desk. One of the members was

Steve Jobs, a close friend of Wozniak’s who said, “Let’s build a PC board that makes the assembly easy”. It was the

start of an extraordinarily productive partnership. Together, they managed to save a few hundred dollars to start their

business. They named the company Apple Computer and called Wozniak’s creation the Apple I.

[20] The large computer companies that were manufacturing main frames scoffed at the idea of personal

computers for ordinary people. But Wozniak and Jobs made it happen. And by then a young fellow named Bill Gates

was designing software for small computers.

Wozniak was just 26 years old when he cofounded Apple. He had the opportunity to attain wealth to a degree

few 30-year-olds could even imagine. But money had never been a motivating force for Wozniak.

[25] Now older, Wozniak looks back on his life and says, “The themes that drove me were the love of engineering,

enabling me to design things that other people could not design, and also the social ramifications of doing good. We

were talking about taking the little guy to a new place where the individual would be as important as the big company.

I got to be a creator.”

(Reader’s Digest, p.75-80, mar. 2007. – Texto adaptado.)

He had a hunch…

[1] When Steve Wozniak was in high school in the mid-1960s, he dreamed of owning a computer. His father told

him that computers cost as much as the down payment on a house. “Then I’ll live in an apartment,” Wozniak said.

Today, Wozniak is widely acknowledged as the engineering genius who made computers affordable and userfriendly.

“The other Steve,” as Wozniak is known, is the reclusive cofounder – along with the more flamboyant Steve

[5] Jobs – of Apple Inc.

Growing up in Sunny-vale, California, the heart of what would become Silicon Valley, Wozniak started tinkering

in fourth grade, encouraged by his father, an aerospace engineer. It was a time when NASA and the race to the moon

regularly made front-page news.

By the mid-1970s, the shy young man in his mid-20s and a crowd of like-minded nerds founded the Homebrew

[10] Computer Club, an association that nurtured some of Silicon Valley’s smartest brains. “People were talking about how

we were going to revolutionize the world,” Wozniak recalls.

Until that point, electronic parts had been too expensive for Wozniak’s budget, so he’d been designing his

computers mainly on paper. But then the prices came down enough so that Wozniak could move his designs from the

drawing board to reality. “I built a very tiny computer. I couldn’t afford a device for display, but I had a TV at home and

[15] purchased a keyboard.”

Members were fascinated by the idea of a device small enough to fit on a desk. One of the members was

Steve Jobs, a close friend of Wozniak’s who said, “Let’s build a PC board that makes the assembly easy”. It was the

start of an extraordinarily productive partnership. Together, they managed to save a few hundred dollars to start their

business. They named the company Apple Computer and called Wozniak’s creation the Apple I.

[20] The large computer companies that were manufacturing main frames scoffed at the idea of personal

computers for ordinary people. But Wozniak and Jobs made it happen. And by then a young fellow named Bill Gates

was designing software for small computers.

Wozniak was just 26 years old when he cofounded Apple. He had the opportunity to attain wealth to a degree

few 30-year-olds could even imagine. But money had never been a motivating force for Wozniak.

[25] Now older, Wozniak looks back on his life and says, “The themes that drove me were the love of engineering,

enabling me to design things that other people could not design, and also the social ramifications of doing good. We

were talking about taking the little guy to a new place where the individual would be as important as the big company.

I got to be a creator.”

(Reader’s Digest, p.75-80, mar. 2007. – Texto adaptado.)