Questões de Inglês

TEXTO:

Brazil’s time bomb

    President Dilma Rousseff is raising eyebrows with

her plans for Brazil. She is winning agreement even from

the political opposition for an agenda that includes

eradicating absolute poverty, trimming the national

5 budget, and safeguarding freedom of the press. But she

is also shocking everyone with what she plans to ignore:

the social-security time bomb.

    Brazil’s social-welfare system is an unrivaled mess.

Though Brazil has one of the world’s youngest

10 populations, it shells out the same share of its GDP (11

percent) as the grayest nations of Europe. Worse, it’s

aging faster than the rich countries ever did — twice as

fast as Europe in the last century. And the problem is

getting worse: federal, state, and local governments write

15 checks to private-sector pensioners worth more than 7

percent of GDP, up from 2.5 percent 30 years ago. With

the economy surging again, even the ballooning

social-security debt seems almost manageable. But to

unleash its full potential, Brazil has little choice but to

20 disarm the pension bomb. While Rousseff says she’s

got no such appetite, she well knows that the average

retirement age in Brazil is a tender 53 … and that France

was in flames because Parliament voted to raise the

retirement age from 60 to 62.

MARGOLIS, Mac. Brazil’s time bomb. Newsweek, Nov 29, 2010, p. 8. GDP: Gross Domestic Product 

TEXTO:

Steve Jobs — early life and education

    Steven Paul “Steve” Jobs was

an American businessman and

visionary widely recognized (along

with his Apple business partner

5 Steve Wozniak) as a charismatic

pioneer of the personal computer

revolution. He was co-founder,

chairman, and chief executive officer

of Apple Inc.

10    Steve Jobs was born in San

Francisco in 1955, and adopted

at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs

(1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986). When asked

about his “adoptive parents,” Jobs replied emphatically

15 that Paul and Clara Jobs “were my parents 1,000%.”

Asked in a 1995 interview what he wanted to pass on to

his children, Jobs replied, “Just to try to be as good a

father to them as my father was to me. I think about that

every day of my life.”

20    Jobs told an interviewer, “I was very lucky. My father,

Paul, was a pretty remarkable man, a genius with his

hands.” When his son was five or six, Paul Jobs

sectioned a piece of his workbench and gave it to Jobs,

25 saying ‘Steve, this is your workbench now.’ And he gave

me some of his smaller tools and showed me how to

use a hammer and saw and how to build things. It really

was very good for me. He spent a lot of time with me...

teaching me how to build things, how to take things apart,

30 put things back together.” Jobs also noted that while his

father “did not have a deep understanding of electronics

[...] he’d encountered electronics a lot in automobiles

and other things he would fix. He showed me the

rudiments of electronics and I got very interested in that.”

35    Jobs went to elementary school and high school in

Cupertino, California. He attended after-school lectures

at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California,

and was later hired there, working with Steve Wozniak

as a summer employee. Following high school graduation

40 in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland,

Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one

semester, he continued auditing classes at Reed, while

sleeping on the floor in friends’ rooms, returning Coke

bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at

45 the local Hare Krishna temple. Jobs later said, “If I had

never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in

college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces

or proportionally spaced fonts.”

STEVE Jobs — early life and education. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 8 dez. 2011. 

TEXTO:

Steve Jobs — early life and education

    Steven Paul “Steve” Jobs was

an American businessman and

visionary widely recognized (along

with his Apple business partner

5 Steve Wozniak) as a charismatic

pioneer of the personal computer

revolution. He was co-founder,

chairman, and chief executive officer

of Apple Inc.

10    Steve Jobs was born in San

Francisco in 1955, and adopted

at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs

(1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986). When asked

about his “adoptive parents,” Jobs replied emphatically

15 that Paul and Clara Jobs “were my parents 1,000%.”

Asked in a 1995 interview what he wanted to pass on to

his children, Jobs replied, “Just to try to be as good a

father to them as my father was to me. I think about that

every day of my life.”

20    Jobs told an interviewer, “I was very lucky. My father,

Paul, was a pretty remarkable man, a genius with his

hands.” When his son was five or six, Paul Jobs

sectioned a piece of his workbench and gave it to Jobs,

25 saying ‘Steve, this is your workbench now.’ And he gave

me some of his smaller tools and showed me how to

use a hammer and saw and how to build things. It really

was very good for me. He spent a lot of time with me...

teaching me how to build things, how to take things apart,

30 put things back together.” Jobs also noted that while his

father “did not have a deep understanding of electronics

[...] he’d encountered electronics a lot in automobiles

and other things he would fix. He showed me the

rudiments of electronics and I got very interested in that.”

35    Jobs went to elementary school and high school in

Cupertino, California. He attended after-school lectures

at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California,

and was later hired there, working with Steve Wozniak

as a summer employee. Following high school graduation

40 in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland,

Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one

semester, he continued auditing classes at Reed, while

sleeping on the floor in friends’ rooms, returning Coke

bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at

45 the local Hare Krishna temple. Jobs later said, “If I had

never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in

college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces

or proportionally spaced fonts.”

STEVE Jobs — early life and education. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 8 dez. 2011. 

TEXTO:

New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil 

    Like a black light poster come to life, a group of

bioluminescent fungi collected from Ribeira Valley Tourist

State Park near São Paulo, Brazil, emanates a soft green

glow when the lights go out. The mushrooms are part of

5 the genus Mycena, a group that includes about 500

species worldwide. Of these only 33 are known to be

bioluminescent — capable of producing light through a

chemical reaction.

    Since 2002, Cassius Stevani, professor of Chemistry

10 at the University of São Paulo, Dennis Desjardin,

professor of mycology at San Francisco State University

in California, and Marina Capelari of Brazil’s Institute of

Botany have discovered 10 more bioluminescent fungi

species — four of which are new to science — in Brazil’s

15 tropical forests. The work, Stevani says, has increased

the number of glowers known since the 1970s by 30

percent.

    In addition to mushrooms, a variety of marine

animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids

20 (earthworms) are known to be bioluminescent.

Bioluminescence creates “cold” light — emissions with

low thermal radiation. An enzyme called luciferase

triggers a pigment called luciferin to oxidize, and the

reaction emits light. But why the fungi evolved to glow

25 this way remains a mystery, Stevani says. To get the

green glow of the new specimens of bioluminescent

mushrooms, Dr Desjardin and Dr Stevani had to go out

on new moon nights and stumble around in the forest,

running into trees, while keeping an eye out for poisonous

30 snakes and prowling jaguars.

    Besides helping researchers decipher how and why

mushrooms glow, Stevani is studying the bioluminescent

fungi’s ability to signal the presence of toxins in the soil.

In the lab, his team has developed a procedure that

35 shows that fungi emit less light when exposed to several

metals and organic pollutants. “In a near future we can

use it to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples

of soil and sediments,” Stevani said in an email to

National Geographic News. The researcher also says

40 that the fungi could serve as a tool for bioremediation

(cleanup using living organisms) of contaminated soil.

New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 

TEXTO:

New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil 

    Like a black light poster come to life, a group of

bioluminescent fungi collected from Ribeira Valley Tourist

State Park near São Paulo, Brazil, emanates a soft green

glow when the lights go out. The mushrooms are part of

5 the genus Mycena, a group that includes about 500

species worldwide. Of these only 33 are known to be

bioluminescent — capable of producing light through a

chemical reaction.

    Since 2002, Cassius Stevani, professor of Chemistry

10 at the University of São Paulo, Dennis Desjardin,

professor of mycology at San Francisco State University

in California, and Marina Capelari of Brazil’s Institute of

Botany have discovered 10 more bioluminescent fungi

species — four of which are new to science — in Brazil’s

15 tropical forests. The work, Stevani says, has increased

the number of glowers known since the 1970s by 30

percent.

    In addition to mushrooms, a variety of marine

animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids

20 (earthworms) are known to be bioluminescent.

Bioluminescence creates “cold” light — emissions with

low thermal radiation. An enzyme called luciferase

triggers a pigment called luciferin to oxidize, and the

reaction emits light. But why the fungi evolved to glow

25 this way remains a mystery, Stevani says. To get the

green glow of the new specimens of bioluminescent

mushrooms, Dr Desjardin and Dr Stevani had to go out

on new moon nights and stumble around in the forest,

running into trees, while keeping an eye out for poisonous

30 snakes and prowling jaguars.

    Besides helping researchers decipher how and why

mushrooms glow, Stevani is studying the bioluminescent

fungi’s ability to signal the presence of toxins in the soil.

In the lab, his team has developed a procedure that

35 shows that fungi emit less light when exposed to several

metals and organic pollutants. “In a near future we can

use it to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples

of soil and sediments,” Stevani said in an email to

National Geographic News. The researcher also says

40 that the fungi could serve as a tool for bioremediation

(cleanup using living organisms) of contaminated soil.

New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 

TEXTO:

New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil 

    Like a black light poster come to life, a group of

bioluminescent fungi collected from Ribeira Valley Tourist

State Park near São Paulo, Brazil, emanates a soft green

glow when the lights go out. The mushrooms are part of

5 the genus Mycena, a group that includes about 500

species worldwide. Of these only 33 are known to be

bioluminescent — capable of producing light through a

chemical reaction.

    Since 2002, Cassius Stevani, professor of Chemistry

10 at the University of São Paulo, Dennis Desjardin,

professor of mycology at San Francisco State University

in California, and Marina Capelari of Brazil’s Institute of

Botany have discovered 10 more bioluminescent fungi

species — four of which are new to science — in Brazil’s

15 tropical forests. The work, Stevani says, has increased

the number of glowers known since the 1970s by 30

percent.

    In addition to mushrooms, a variety of marine

animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids

20 (earthworms) are known to be bioluminescent.

Bioluminescence creates “cold” light — emissions with

low thermal radiation. An enzyme called luciferase

triggers a pigment called luciferin to oxidize, and the

reaction emits light. But why the fungi evolved to glow

25 this way remains a mystery, Stevani says. To get the

green glow of the new specimens of bioluminescent

mushrooms, Dr Desjardin and Dr Stevani had to go out

on new moon nights and stumble around in the forest,

running into trees, while keeping an eye out for poisonous

30 snakes and prowling jaguars.

    Besides helping researchers decipher how and why

mushrooms glow, Stevani is studying the bioluminescent

fungi’s ability to signal the presence of toxins in the soil.

In the lab, his team has developed a procedure that

35 shows that fungi emit less light when exposed to several

metals and organic pollutants. “In a near future we can

use it to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples

of soil and sediments,” Stevani said in an email to

National Geographic News. The researcher also says

40 that the fungi could serve as a tool for bioremediation

(cleanup using living organisms) of contaminated soil.

New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil. Disponível em: . Acesso em: