Questões de Inglês

SPAIN’S ECONOMY

1 In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its

banking system, it’s easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for optimism.

2 Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the

pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively competitive.

Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as productive as their German,

Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank.

3 Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of

exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the

clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish competitiveness. It

shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter profits.

4 The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate

for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain. Mercadona,

the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique

business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business schools.

5 Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10

percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been steeper

than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in

balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in the words of

Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity.

6 Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,

not because of, the country’s politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already implemented

painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into the economy. The

bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short term the country’s

increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses.

Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012

SPAIN’S ECONOMY

1 In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its

banking system, it’s easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for optimism.

2 Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the

pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively competitive.

Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as productive as their German,

Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank.

3 Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of

exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the

clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish competitiveness. It

shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter profits.

4 The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate

for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain. Mercadona,

the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique

business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business schools.

5 Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10

percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been steeper

than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in

balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in the words of

Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity.

6 Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,

not because of, the country’s politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already implemented

painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into the economy. The

bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short term the country’s

increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses.

Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012

SPAIN’S ECONOMY

1 In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its

banking system, it’s easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for optimism.

2 Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the

pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively competitive.

Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as productive as their German,

Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank.

3 Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of

exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the

clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish competitiveness. It

shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter profits.

4 The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate

for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain. Mercadona,

the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique

business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business schools.

5 Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10

percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been steeper

than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in

balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in the words of

Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity.

6 Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,

not because of, the country’s politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already implemented

painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into the economy. The

bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short term the country’s

increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses.

Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012

SPAIN’S ECONOMY

1 In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its

banking system, it’s easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for optimism.

2 Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the

pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively competitive.

Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as productive as their German,

Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank.

3 Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of

exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the

clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish competitiveness. It

shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter profits.

4 The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate

for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain. Mercadona,

the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique

business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business schools.

5 Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10

percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been steeper

than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in

balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in the words of

Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity.

6 Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,

not because of, the country’s politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already implemented

painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into the economy. The

bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short term the country’s

increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses.

Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012

RADIATION AND EVOLUTION

1 THE disaster last year at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, caused by an earthquake and tsunami, scored seven on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES). No worse rating exists. Radiation is harmful to living things, yet the long-term effects of persistently high levels of background radiation on ecosystems are poorly understood. With this in mind, a team led by Timothy Mousseau of the University of South Carolina and Anders Moller of the University of Paris-Sud set out to compare bird species dwelling near the Fukushima plant with those living at the site of another nuclear incident that scored a seven on the INES: the Ukrainian town of Chernobyl, where disaster struck in 1986. Remarkably, they found that some species seem to develop a tolerance for radioactivity over time.

2 Fukushima and Chernobyl are more than 7,000km (4,350 miles) apart, but Dr Mousseau and his colleagues soon realised that the two sites had much in common. Both are in areas that have a temperate climate with species that have similar habits and needs. And both are surrounded by a mixture of farmland and forest. Upon closer examination the researchers found that 14 species of bird lived in both regions, including the barn swallow, great tit, great reed warbler, buzzard and Eurasian jay. With so many similarities between the two places, a comparison of the biological responses to radiation in each (recent in Fukushima; long-term in Chernobyl) would surely be illuminating.

3 To do this, during July 2011, the researchers counted and identified birds at 300 locations near Fukushima that had radiation levels as low as 0.5 microsieverts per hour and as high as 35 (for comparison, dental X-rays rarely expose patients to more than 0.05 microsieverts). Then they compared these results to bird data collected in areas that had the same range of radiation levels near Chernobyl between 2006 and 2009.

4 Their results show that as radiation levels in an area rose to 35 microsieverts per hour, the average number of birds dropped by almost a third compared with the areas where radiation levels were only 0.5 microsieverts per hour. This makes sense: in those areas with a high  level of radiation, living things would tend to die or sicken and fail to reproduce. However, when researchers looked at the 14 bird species that lived in both regions, they found that the same level of radiation was associated with twice as large a drop in bird numbers in Fukushima as in Chernobyl.

5 The reasons for this are not clear. It is possible that the composition of the radionuclides are proving more dangerous to the Fukushima birds than they are to the birds near Chernobyl. But Dr Mousseau suggests a more likely explanation is that evolution has already been at work near Chernobyl, killing off individual birds that cannot cope with the background radiation and allowing the genes of those that have some tolerance to be passed on. The birds at Fukushima are only beginning to face the evolutionary challenge of living in a radioactive world.

Adapted from The Economist, March 3, 2012

RADIATION AND EVOLUTION

1 THE disaster last year at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, caused by an earthquake and tsunami, scored seven on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES). No worse rating exists. Radiation is harmful to living things, yet the long-term effects of persistently high levels of background radiation on ecosystems are poorly understood. With this in mind, a team led by Timothy Mousseau of the University of South Carolina and Anders Moller of the University of Paris-Sud set out to compare bird species dwelling near the Fukushima plant with those living at the site of another nuclear incident that scored a seven on the INES: the Ukrainian town of Chernobyl, where disaster struck in 1986. Remarkably, they found that some species seem to develop a tolerance for radioactivity over time.

2 Fukushima and Chernobyl are more than 7,000km (4,350 miles) apart, but Dr Mousseau and his colleagues soon realised that the two sites had much in common. Both are in areas that have a temperate climate with species that have similar habits and needs. And both are surrounded by a mixture of farmland and forest. Upon closer examination the researchers found that 14 species of bird lived in both regions, including the barn swallow, great tit, great reed warbler, buzzard and Eurasian jay. With so many similarities between the two places, a comparison of the biological responses to radiation in each (recent in Fukushima; long-term in Chernobyl) would surely be illuminating.

3 To do this, during July 2011, the researchers counted and identified birds at 300 locations near Fukushima that had radiation levels as low as 0.5 microsieverts per hour and as high as 35 (for comparison, dental X-rays rarely expose patients to more than 0.05 microsieverts). Then they compared these results to bird data collected in areas that had the same range of radiation levels near Chernobyl between 2006 and 2009.

4 Their results show that as radiation levels in an area rose to 35 microsieverts per hour, the average number of birds dropped by almost a third compared with the areas where radiation levels were only 0.5 microsieverts per hour. This makes sense: in those areas with a high  level of radiation, living things would tend to die or sicken and fail to reproduce. However, when researchers looked at the 14 bird species that lived in both regions, they found that the same level of radiation was associated with twice as large a drop in bird numbers in Fukushima as in Chernobyl.

5 The reasons for this are not clear. It is possible that the composition of the radionuclides are proving more dangerous to the Fukushima birds than they are to the birds near Chernobyl. But Dr Mousseau suggests a more likely explanation is that evolution has already been at work near Chernobyl, killing off individual birds that cannot cope with the background radiation and allowing the genes of those that have some tolerance to be passed on. The birds at Fukushima are only beginning to face the evolutionary challenge of living in a radioactive world.

Adapted from The Economist, March 3, 2012