Questões de Inglês

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What do nationalists believe in? (Part III)

 

    Nationalists' primary belief is that people in similar societies benefit when they are united by shared values and a common belief system.

    "Uniting people -- whether under flags, banners, anthems, or constitutions -- is conducive to a more robust civic society and stronger communities," Kassam said.

    But Miller dismisses that as an "incoherent" ideology. "No one has ever been able to agree on what defines the nation. It is impractical because there is no feasible way to make governments overlap exactly with all the supposed nations in the world today," Miller said.

    Nationalists are also populists and consider themselves sticking up for the common, working man against the elites and so-called globalists. There are voters in both US political parties receptive to that kind of messaging, and that's why the fiery populist rhetoric of Bernie Sanders and Trump during the 2016 campaign ended up appealing to overlapping groups of voters.

    Nationalists are also extremely protectionist, preferring to look inward when it comes to matters of foreign affairs and trade. Trump's political positions have shifted all of his life, but the one constant has been his distrust of international trade agreements and his belief that they're ultimately bad for the United States.

    "We must protect our borders from the ravages of other countries making our products, stealing our companies and destroying our jobs," Trump said during his inaugural speech in January 2017. "Protection will lead to great prosperity and strength."

    This type of thinking is typical of nationalists.

From: shorturl.at/kmOR1 Accessed on 08/28/2019

As definições de Paul D. Miller e de Raheem Kassam sobre os nacionalistas são

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What does the word nationalist mean? (Part II)

 

    It's also a word that means different things to different people. "There are different definitions depending on whose nationalism you're talking about," Paul D. Miller, a senior fellow with the Atlantic Council's Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, told CNN.

    "Scholars generally differentiate between civic and ethnic/sectarian nationalism, that is, between rooting American identity in the ideals of the American experiment versus rooting it in some aspect of our culture, heritage, history, language or ethnicity. Civic nationalism is the same as what I would call patriotism, and it is essential to a healthy democracy. The second kind of nationalism -- sectarian nationalism -- is pernicious and dangerous."

    But Raheem Kassam, a former senior adviser to Brexit leader Nigel Farage, rejects this second, more negative definition of nationalist.

    "Nationalism is not inherently ugly. It is in fact inherently beautiful," said Kassam, who is currently a fellow at the Middle East Forum.

    "Nationalism is a philosophy based around either the nation state, what we know colloquially as 'countries,' or around another identity factor, which could be religion, ethnicity, geography or even interests," he told CNN.

    "In the case of President Trump, he is no doubt using the word to outline his belief in a nation of people unified by beliefs, interests and a common history. This is typically what nationalism has meant since the earliest references to it in human history, though there have no doubt been periods where nationalism, just like socialism or other philosophies, has been used to divide rather than unite, which is ironically the antithesis of its purpose."

From: shorturl.at/kmOR1 Accessed on 08/28/2019

De acordo com o texto, em que se baseia o nacionalismo étnico?

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What does the word nationalist mean? (Part II)

 

    It's also a word that means different things to different people. "There are different definitions depending on whose nationalism you're talking about," Paul D. Miller, a senior fellow with the Atlantic Council's Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, told CNN.

    "Scholars generally differentiate between civic and ethnic/sectarian nationalism, that is, between rooting American identity in the ideals of the American experiment versus rooting it in some aspect of our culture, heritage, history, language or ethnicity. Civic nationalism is the same as what I would call patriotism, and it is essential to a healthy democracy. The second kind of nationalism -- sectarian nationalism -- is pernicious and dangerous."

    But Raheem Kassam, a former senior adviser to Brexit leader Nigel Farage, rejects this second, more negative definition of nationalist.

    "Nationalism is not inherently ugly. It is in fact inherently beautiful," said Kassam, who is currently a fellow at the Middle East Forum.

    "Nationalism is a philosophy based around either the nation state, what we know colloquially as 'countries,' or around another identity factor, which could be religion, ethnicity, geography or even interests," he told CNN.

    "In the case of President Trump, he is no doubt using the word to outline his belief in a nation of people unified by beliefs, interests and a common history. This is typically what nationalism has meant since the earliest references to it in human history, though there have no doubt been periods where nationalism, just like socialism or other philosophies, has been used to divide rather than unite, which is ironically the antithesis of its purpose."

From: shorturl.at/kmOR1 Accessed on 08/28/2019

O texto defende que a palavra nacionalista

Read the following text in order to answer QUESTION

 

Uncontacted Amazon tribe has been threatened by illegal loggers

 

    Remarkable close-up footage that appears to show an uncontacted tribesman in the Amazon rainforest has been released by an indigenous media group that wants to raise awareness of the threat posed by illegal loggers, miners and drug traffickers.

    (...) The Awá have been described as the world’s most threatened tribe by the NGO Survival International, which has tracked killings by loggers, who surround and frequently encroach upon the group’s territory.

    Many of the community have been forced to abandon the forest, but some remain in self-imposed isolation. Their existence has been called into question by commercial interests that want to move into the land, but the new footage has been cited as proof that they remain in the territory.

    It was recorded by a member of a neighbouring tribe, the Guajajara, which is trying to defend one of the last pockets of intact forest in Maranhão, a massively deforested state in the north-east of Brazil.

    ''We hope this film produces something positive. We hope it makes an impact around the world to help protect our people and our forest,'' said Flay Guajajara, who shot the image while out hunting and released it through the Mídia Índia platform.

    (...) Olimpio Guajajara, coordinator of the Guardians of the Amazon, said three of the group’s members have been murdered in this activity, which highlighted the need for more long-term support. He said: ''We Guardians are defending our people’s rights, defending the uncontacted Indians, and defending nature for all of us. We need the land to be protected for good."

    Indigenous groups say successive governments have failed to adequately recognise their territorial rights and their role in protecting forests that are globally essential for carbon sequestration and natural habitats.

    According to Survival International, loggers have been emboldened by the government and their camps can now be seen on the edge of Awá land.

    Director Stephen Corry said: ''This video is further proof that the uncontacted Awá people really exist. And a glance at a satellite photo shows just how much danger they’re in. Loggers have already killed many of their relatives and forced others out of the forest"

Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/22/uncontactedtribe-video-amazon-rainforest-awa-people..

In the first paragraph, the expression “to raise awareness” means:

O efeito de comicidade que se obtém do meme decorre, sobretudo, da

TEXTO PARA A QUESTÃO

 

    Assigning female genders to digital assistants such as Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa is helping entrench harmful gender biases, according to a UN agency.

    Research released by Unesco claims that the often submissive and flirty responses offered by the systemsto many queries – including outright abusive ones – reinforce ideas of women as subservient.

    “Because the speech of most voice assistants is female, it sends a signal that women are obliging, docile and eager‐to‐ please helpers, available at the touch of a button or with a blunt voice command like ‘hey’ or ‘OK’”, the report said.

    “The assistant holds no power of agency beyond what the commander asks of it. It honours commands and responds to queries regardless of their tone or hostility. In many communities, this reinforces commonly held gender biases that women are subservient and tolerant of poor treatment.”

    The Unesco publication was entitled “I’d Blush if I Could”; a reference to the response Apple’s Siri assistant offers to the phrase: “You’re a slut.” Amazon’s Alexa will respond: “Well, thanks for the feedback.”

    The papersaid such firms were “staffed by overwhelmingly male engineering teams” and have built AI (Artificial Intelligence) systems that “cause their feminised digital assistants to greet verbal abuse with catch‐me‐if‐you‐can flirtation”.

    Saniye Gülser Corat, Unesco’s director for gender equality, said: “The world needs to pay much closer attention to how, when and whether AI technologies are gendered and, crucially, who is gendering them.”

The Guardian, May, 2019. Adaptado.

Conforme o texto, em relação às mulheres, um efeito decorrente do fato de assistentes digitais reforçarem estereótipos de gênero é