Questões de Inglês

How does social media use influence political participation and civic engagement? A metaanalysis

 

Academic research has consistently found that people Blank I consume more news media have a greater probability of being civically and politically engaged across a variety of measures. In an era whenthe public’s time and attention is increasingly directed toward platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, scholars are seeking to evaluate the stillemerging relationship between social media use and public engagement. The Obama presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012 and the Arab Spring in 2011 catalyzed interest in networked digital connectivity and political action, but the data remain far from conclusive.

The largest and perhaps bestknown inquiry into this issue so far is a 2012 study published in the journal Nature, “A 61MillionPersonExperiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization,” whichsuggested that messages on users’ Facebook feeds could significantly influence voting patterns.

 

The study data — analyzed in collaboration with Facebook data scientists — suggested that certain messages promoted by friends “increased turnout directly by about 60,000 voters and indirectly through social contagion by another 280,000 voters, for a total of 340,000 additional votes.” Close friends with realworld ties were found to be much more influential than casual online acquaintances. (Following the study, concerns were raised about the potential manipulation of users and “digital gerrymandering.”)

 

There are now thousands of studies on the effects of social networking sites (SNS) on offline behavior, but isolating common themes is not easy. Researchers often use unique datasets, ask different questions and measure a range of outcomes. However, a 2015 meta study in the journal Information, Communication & Society, “Social Media Use and Participation: A Meta analysis of Current Research.” analyzes 36 studies on the relationship between SNS use and everything from civic engagement broadly speaking to tangibleactions such as voting and protesting. Some focus on youth populations, others on SNS use in countries outside the United States. Within these 36 studies, there were 170 separate “coefficients” — different factors potentially correlated with SNS use. The author, Shelley Boulianne of Grant MacEwan University (Canada), notes that the studies are all based on selfreported surveys, with the number of respondents ranging from 250 to more than 1,500. Twenty studies were conducted between 2008 and 2011, while eight were from 20122013.

 

http://journalistsresource.org/studies/politics/digitaldemocracy/ socialmediainfluencepoliticsparticipationengagementmetaanalysis. Accessed on 05/03/2016

Why do the SNS studies generally show that “social media plays a positive role in citizens’ participation”?

(…)

The study’s key findings include:

 

Among all of the factors examined, 82% showed a positive relationship between SNS use and some form of civic or political engagement or participation. Still, only half of the relationships found were statistically significant. The strongest effects could be seen in studies that randomly sampled youth populations.

 

The correlation between socialmedia use and electioncampaign participation “seems weak based on

the set of studies analyzed,” while the relationship with civic engagement is generally stronger. Further, “Measuring participation as protest activities is more likely to produce a positive effect, but the coefficients are not more likely to be statistically significant compared to other measures of participation.” Also, within the area of protest activities, many different kinds of activities — marches, demonstrations, petitions and boycotts — are combined in research, making conclusions less valid. When studies do isolate and separate out these activities, these studies generally show that “social media plays a positive role in citizens’ participation.”

 

Overall, the data cast doubt on whether SNS use “causes” strong effects and is truly “transformative.” Because few studies employ an experimental design, where researchers could compare a treatment group with a control group, it is difficult to claim causality.

 

“Popular discourse has focused on the use of social media by the Obama campaigns,” Boulianne concludes. “While these campaigns may have revolutionized aspects of election campaigning online, such as gathering donations, the metadata provide little evidence that the social media aspects of the campaigns were successful in changing people’s levels of participation. In other words, the greater use of social media did not affect people’s likelihood of voting or participating in the campaign.”

 

It is worth noting that many studies in this area take social media use as the starting point o “independent variable” and therefore cannot rule out that some “deeper” cause — political interest, for example — is the reason people might engage in SNS use in the first place. Further, some researchers see SNS use as a form of participation and engagement in and of itself, helping to shape public narratives and understanding of public affairs.

http://journalistsresource.org/studies/politics/digitaldemocracy/socialmediainfluencepoliticsparticipationengagementmetaanalysis. Accessed on 05/03/2016

According to the text, it is wrong to affirm that:

How does social media use influence political participation and civic engagement? A metaanalysis

 

Academic research has consistently found that people Blank I consume more news media have a greater probability of being civically and politically engaged across a variety of measures. In an era whenthe public’s time and attention is increasingly directed toward platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, scholars are seeking to evaluate the stillemerging relationship between social media use and public engagement. The Obama presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012 and the Arab Spring in 2011 catalyzed interest in networked digital connectivity and political action, but the data remain far from conclusive.

The largest and perhaps bestknown inquiry into this issue so far is a 2012 study published in the journal Nature, “A 61MillionPersonExperiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization,” whichsuggested that messages on users’ Facebook feeds could significantly influence voting patterns.

 

The study data — analyzed in collaboration with Facebook data scientists — suggested that certain messages promoted by friends “increased turnout directly by about 60,000 voters and indirectly through social contagion by another 280,000 voters, for a total of 340,000 additional votes.” Close friends with realworld ties were found to be much more influential than casual online acquaintances. (Following the study, concerns were raised about the potential manipulation of users and “digital gerrymandering.”)

 

There are now thousands of studies on the effects of social networking sites (SNS) on offline behavior, but isolating common themes is not easy. Researchers often use unique datasets, ask different questions and measure a range of outcomes. However, a 2015 meta study in the journal Information, Communication & Society, “Social Media Use and Participation: A Meta analysis of Current Research.” analyzes 36 studies on the relationship between SNS use and everything from civic engagement broadly speaking to tangibleactions such as voting and protesting. Some focus on youth populations, others on SNS use in countries outside the United States. Within these 36 studies, there were 170 separate “coefficients” — different factors potentially correlated with SNS use. The author, Shelley Boulianne of Grant MacEwan University (Canada), notes that the studies are all based on selfreported surveys, with the number of respondents ranging from 250 to more than 1,500. Twenty studies were conducted between 2008 and 2011, while eight were from 20122013.

 

http://journalistsresource.org/studies/politics/digitaldemocracy/ socialmediainfluencepoliticsparticipationengagementmetaanalysis. Accessed on 05/03/2016

In the second paragraph we can find an opposite for “close friends with realworld ties” which is:

How does social media use influence political participation and civic engagement? A metaanalysis

 

Academic research has consistently found that people Blank I consume more news media have a greater probability of being civically and politically engaged across a variety of measures. In an era whenthe public’s time and attention is increasingly directed toward platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, scholars are seeking to evaluate the stillemerging relationship between social media use and public engagement. The Obama presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012 and the Arab Spring in 2011 catalyzed interest in networked digital connectivity and political action, but the data remain far from conclusive.

The largest and perhaps bestknown inquiry into this issue so far is a 2012 study published in the journal Nature, “A 61MillionPersonExperiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization,” whichsuggested that messages on users’ Facebook feeds could significantly influence voting patterns.

 

The study data — analyzed in collaboration with Facebook data scientists — suggested that certain messages promoted by friends “increased turnout directly by about 60,000 voters and indirectly through social contagion by another 280,000 voters, for a total of 340,000 additional votes.” Close friends with realworld ties were found to be much more influential than casual online acquaintances. (Following the study, concerns were raised about the potential manipulation of users and “digital gerrymandering.”)

 

There are now thousands of studies on the effects of social networking sites (SNS) on offline behavior, but isolating common themes is not easy. Researchers often use unique datasets, ask different questions and measure a range of outcomes. However, a 2015 meta study in the journal Information, Communication & Society, “Social Media Use and Participation: A Meta analysis of Current Research.” analyzes 36 studies on the relationship between SNS use and everything from civic engagement broadly speaking to tangibleactions such as voting and protesting. Some focus on youth populations, others on SNS use in countries outside the United States. Within these 36 studies, there were 170 separate “coefficients” — different factors potentially correlated with SNS use. The author, Shelley Boulianne of Grant MacEwan University (Canada), notes that the studies are all based on selfreported surveys, with the number of respondents ranging from 250 to more than 1,500. Twenty studies were conducted between 2008 and 2011, while eight were from 20122013.

 

http://journalistsresource.org/studies/politics/digitaldemocracy/ socialmediainfluencepoliticsparticipationengagementmetaanalysis. Accessed on 05/03/2016

The study published in the journal Nature affirms that:

How does social media use influence political participation and civic engagement? A metaanalysis

Academic research has consistently found that people Blank I consume more news media have a greater probability of being civically and politically engaged across a variety of measures. In an era whenthe public’s time and attention is increasingly directed toward platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, scholars are seeking to evaluate the stillemerging relationship between social media use and public engagement. The Obama presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012 and the Arab Spring in 2011 catalyzed interest in networked digital connectivity and political action, but the data remain far from conclusive.

The largest and perhaps bestknown inquiry into this issue so far is a 2012 study published in the journal Nature, “A 61MillionPersonExperiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization,” whichsuggested that messages on users’ Facebook feeds could significantly influence voting patterns.

 

The study data — analyzed in collaboration with Facebook data scientists — suggested that certain messages promoted by friends “increased turnout directly by about 60,000 voters and indirectly through social contagion by another 280,000 voters, for a total of 340,000 additional votes.” Close friends with realworld ties were found to be much more influential than casual online acquaintances. (Following the study, concerns were raised about the potential manipulation of users and “digital gerrymandering.”)

 

There are now thousands of studies on the effects of social networking sites (SNS) on offline behavior, but isolating common themes is not easy. Researchers often use unique datasets, ask different questions and measure a range of outcomes. However, a 2015 meta study in the journal Information, Communication & Society, “Social Media Use and Participation: A Meta analysis of Current Research.” analyzes 36 studies on the relationship between SNS use and everything from civic engagement broadly speaking to tangibleactions such as voting and protesting. Some focus on youth populations, others on SNS use in countries outside the United States. Within these 36 studies, there were 170 separate “coefficients” — different factors potentially correlated with SNS use. The author, Shelley Boulianne of Grant MacEwan University (Canada), notes that the studies are all based on selfreported surveys, with the number of respondents ranging from 250 to more than 1,500. Twenty studies were conducted between 2008 and 2011, while eight were from 20122013.

http://journalistsresource.org/studies/politics/digitaldemocracy/ socialmediainfluencepoliticsparticipationengagementmetaanalysis. Accessed on 05/03/2016

After reading the text, one can conclude that:

Is Mindfulness Good Medicine?

By Hal Arkowitz and Scott O. Lilienfeld | Aug 14, 2014

Mindfulness meditation can help alleviate depression and possibly anxiety http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-mindfulness-good-medicine/. Acessado em 23/09/2015.

Meditation has long been used for spiritual growth. More recently, in psychotherapy, researchers and practitioners have demonstrated interest in a type of Buddhist meditation designed to foster mindfulness, a state of being engaged in the moment without judgment. Mindfulness meditation has shown promise in treating disorders ranging from pain to psoriasis. But when it comes to treating diagnosed mental disorders, the evidence that mindfulness helps is decidedly mixed, with the strongest data pointing toward its ability to reduce clinical depression and prevent relapses.Leia o parágrafo retirado do artigo mencionado e escolha a alternativa que apresenta a definição de

“mindfullness”.