Questões de Inglês

TEXT I

"A new crop of potential antibiotics may soon help fighting antibiotic-resistant infections, such as this batch of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.”

    "Antibiotics have been taking it on the chin lately. Not only has resistance to the medications been growing, but also drug companies have been dropping antibiotic research programs because the drugs are difficult and expensive to make. Now, help is on the way. Researchers report today that they’ve found a way to churn out new members of one of the most widely used classes of antibiotics, called macrolides. The work could lead to new weapons against antibiotic-resistant infections, and possibly save millions of lives.

    Macrolides, drugs that include erythromycin and azithromycin, were first developed in the 1950s. Since then they’ve become a safeguard against bacterial and fungal infections. Chemically, macrolides are giant rings containing 14 to 16 carbon atoms, with one or more sugar appendages dangling off the side. Bacteria synthesize them to fight off their neighbors. Yet, bacteria didn’t evolve to make macrolides good drugs in people. So, medicinal chemists — the group of researchers that actually build new drugs — start with the natural versions and tweak their bonds one at a time in an effort to make them safer and more effective. But, in most cases, it’s impossible to confine the changes to just one bond on a large molecule. When multiple bonds react, the result is an unwanted broad mixture of end products, none of which contain just the one specific change desired for making a better drug.

    To solve that problem, Harvard University chemist Andrew Myers and colleagues adapted a divide-and-conquer strategy that they had applied to tetracycline antibiotics back in 2005. They started with three basic macrolide ring structures and broke each one down into eight molecular “modules.” They then carefully mapped out reactions needed to put the pieces back together. For two such linkers, they even invented new chemical reactions to forge the bonds. This allowed them to tinker with the modules individually, and then reassemble them. By repeating the strategy over and over, they forged more than 300 entirely new macrolides.

    When given to a panel of bacterial lab cultures, several of these compounds showed potent antibiotic activity against antibiotic-resistant microbes, including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, the team reports online today in Nature. Perhaps equally important, Myers says, is that all the reactions used for the assembly produce high yields of the final products. That’s essential, he notes, because bacteria don’t produce the starting material for the new compounds. So, if any of them proves a valuable medicine, chemists will be able to synthesize large quantities of it cheaply from scratch.

    “This is a great example of beautiful chemistry that will have a tangible societal benefit,” says Phil Baran, a synthetic organic chemist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California.”
(Adapted from: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/new-way-makepowerful- antibiotics)

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Parents beware: Kids know secret emoji language

Posted 9:44 pm, May 10th, 2016, by Tammy Vigil, Updated at 10:23pm, May 10^th, 2016

[1]  It was Oxford Dictionary's word of the year. And it's quickly becoming

[2]  the pervasive language of the Internet - after Apple included an emoji

[3]  keyboard on its phones five years ago.

[4]  It's estimated 6 billion emojis are sent each day. But the cartoonish,

[5]  seemingly innocent and playful use of emojis can have a dark side. It's

[6]  a new form of communication Sheila Allison and her 12-year-old use

[7]  regularly.

[8]  "I work odd hours. When she's getting ready to go to sleep, it's not

[9]  appropriate for me to be on the phone or call and have her hear my

[10]  voice. So emojis with the zzz's, princess and kisses. That gets a really

[11]  good message to her," Allison said.

[12]  Emojis are on TV. Even commercials advertise with the picture

[13]  characters. But the problem with these icons of faces, hand gestures,

[14]  fruits, animals and other symbols is they don't always mean what you

[15]  think, especially for parents.

[16]  Hidden meanings

[17]  "It doesn't mean anything to them. But it does to those who are fluent

[18]  in emoji, the secret language of emoji," said Mike Harris, who tracks

[19]  down child predators.

[20]  He works for the Jefferson County District Attorney’s Office and said he

[21] has to learn this whole new language of more than 1,200 emojis.

[22] “One symbol can mean three or four different things. That's what makes

[23]  it complicated for those who are not familiar with this," Harris said.

[24]  So he uses the "Speak Emoji" app to translate what people are saying

[25]  because emojis can be used to harass, threaten and commit other

[26]  crimes.

[27]  Threatening emojis

[28]  Harris said some emojis are obviously threatening. A 12-year-old

[29]  Virginia girl was prosecuted for using gun, bomb, and knife emojis on

[30]  Instagram with the phrase "meet me in the library Tuesday." But some

[31]  emojis aren't so obvious.

[32]  • A frog can mean someone is "ugly." […]

[33] • A smiling pile of poop is another profanity.

[34]  • Strung together, a running man and a bowling ball means,

[35]  "I'm going to hit you."

[36]  "Something as simple as a flower can mean drugs", Harris said.

[37]  Parents also should know some emojis are sexual. A peach, an

[38]  eggplant and raindrops reference carnal desire. […] “They are taking

[39]  fruit to a whole new level here, right?" her mom said.

[40]  What makes emojis so complicated for parents is they have no set

[41]  definition like words and their meaning can vary. [...]

(Retrieved and adapted from http://kdvr.com/2016/05/10/parents-beware-your-kids-probablyknow-secret-emoji-language/. Access on August 8th, 2016)

Text 

Parents beware: Kids know secret emoji language

Posted 9:44 pm, May 10th, 2016, by Tammy Vigil, Updated at 10:23pm, May 10^th, 2016

[1]  It was Oxford Dictionary's word of the year. And it's quickly becoming

[2]  the pervasive language of the Internet - after Apple included an emoji

[3]  keyboard on its phones five years ago.

[4]  It's estimated 6 billion emojis are sent each day. But the cartoonish,

[5]  seemingly innocent and playful use of emojis can have a dark side. It's

[6]  a new form of communication Sheila Allison and her 12-year-old use

[7]  regularly.

[8]  "I work odd hours. When she's getting ready to go to sleep, it's not

[9]  appropriate for me to be on the phone or call and have her hear my

[10]  voice. So emojis with the zzz's, princess and kisses. That gets a really

[11]  good message to her," Allison said.

[12]  Emojis are on TV. Even commercials advertise with the picture

[13]  characters. But the problem with these icons of faces, hand gestures,

[14]  fruits, animals and other symbols is they don't always mean what you

[15]  think, especially for parents.

[16]  Hidden meanings

[17]  "It doesn't mean anything to them. But it does to those who are fluent

[18]  in emoji, the secret language of emoji," said Mike Harris, who tracks

[19]  down child predators.

[20]  He works for the Jefferson County District Attorney’s Office and said he

[21] has to learn this whole new language of more than 1,200 emojis.

[22] “One symbol can mean three or four different things. That's what makes

[23]  it complicated for those who are not familiar with this," Harris said.

[24]  So he uses the "Speak Emoji" app to translate what people are saying

[25]  because emojis can be used to harass, threaten and commit other

[26]  crimes.

[27]  Threatening emojis

[28]  Harris said some emojis are obviously threatening. A 12-year-old

[29]  Virginia girl was prosecuted for using gun, bomb, and knife emojis on

[30]  Instagram with the phrase "meet me in the library Tuesday." But some

[31]  emojis aren't so obvious.

[32]  • A frog can mean someone is "ugly." […]

[33] • A smiling pile of poop is another profanity.

[34]  • Strung together, a running man and a bowling ball means,

[35]  "I'm going to hit you."

[36]  "Something as simple as a flower can mean drugs", Harris said.

[37]  Parents also should know some emojis are sexual. A peach, an

[38]  eggplant and raindrops reference carnal desire. […] “They are taking

[39]  fruit to a whole new level here, right?" her mom said.

[40]  What makes emojis so complicated for parents is they have no set

[41]  definition like words and their meaning can vary. [...]

(Retrieved and adapted from http://kdvr.com/2016/05/10/parents-beware-your-kids-probablyknow-secret-emoji-language/. Access on August 8th, 2016)

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Pokémon Go: a new experience

Amber Stechyshyn

[1]  By now, everybody has heard about Pokémon Go and its swift

[2]  and spectacular rise to the top of the app world. For a game

[3]  based on an old 90’s Gameboy game and TV show, it has

[4]  surprisingly universal appeal – kids and grandparents, hipsters

[5]  and business people have all embraced it. At its height, the

[6]  app had 25 million active users.

[7]  Aside from making Augmented Reality (AR) mainstream by

[8]  introducing it to the general public, this app is also a significant

[9]  turning point for those working in User Experience Design. Bit

[10]  by bit, the world has become more aware of the impact of UX

[11] design on everyday life and products. Our efforts to provide

[12]  better user experiences have been acknowledged and UX

[13]  designers are now considered an integral part of most

[14]  businesses. User experience design has also shifted from a

[15]  predominant desktop environment to mobile devices as users

[16]  demanded more mobility in their products. Customers have also

[17]  noticed this shift, and it has raised their expectations of what

[18]  products and services are on offer.

[19]  User Experience Designers are used to adjusting for new

[20]  information and rolling with the punches, but a big phenomenon

[21]  like this does not come along every day, especially one that

[22]  impacts us directly. This is a great opportunity for us to make

[23]  new and innovative changes in our workplaces, but there are

[24]  also pitfalls that we should stay aware of as we move into a new

[25]  era of app development. Here are a couple of changes that are

[26]  on the horizon. The main screen of Pokémon Go is seen

[27]  through your mobile phone. Your avatar moves around a virtual

[28]  map of the real world on your phone, scattered with PokéStops,

[29]  lures, and gyms. This map reflects your real-world

[30]  surroundings, but it does not require you to actively engage

[31]  unless you want to. However, when you spot a Pokémon in the

[32]  app and click on it, you switch to another screen where a

[33]  Pokémon is standing in an enhanced version of your phone

[34]  camera lens, ready to be caught.

[35]  The implications of augmented reality are massive. Pokémon

[36]  Go is a game, albeit a very addictive one, but it begs the

[37]  question of what will happen when the technology it employs

[38]  spreads to other uses. What about overlaying Google Map

[39]  directions on the actual road? Passing by a store and seeing

[40]  online sales displayed on their physical window?

(Retrieved and adapted from http://usabilitygeek.com/pokemon-go-user-experience. Access on August 21st, 2016)

Responda a questão de acordo com o texto.

Text 

Pokémon Go: a new experience

Amber Stechyshyn

[1]  By now, everybody has heard about Pokémon Go and its swift

[2]  and spectacular rise to the top of the app world. For a game

[3]  based on an old 90’s Gameboy game and TV show, it has

[4]  surprisingly universal appeal – kids and grandparents, hipsters

[5]  and business people have all embraced it. At its height, the

[6]  app had 25 million active users.

[7]  Aside from making Augmented Reality (AR) mainstream by

[8]  introducing it to the general public, this app is also a significant

[9]  turning point for those working in User Experience Design. Bit

[10]  by bit, the world has become more aware of the impact of UX

[11] design on everyday life and products. Our efforts to provide

[12]  better user experiences have been acknowledged and UX

[13]  designers are now considered an integral part of most

[14]  businesses. User experience design has also shifted from a

[15]  predominant desktop environment to mobile devices as users

[16]  demanded more mobility in their products. Customers have also

[17]  noticed this shift, and it has raised their expectations of what

[18]  products and services are on offer.

[19]  User Experience Designers are used to adjusting for new

[20]  information and rolling with the punches, but a big phenomenon

[21]  like this does not come along every day, especially one that

[22]  impacts us directly. This is a great opportunity for us to make

[23]  new and innovative changes in our workplaces, but there are

[24]  also pitfalls that we should stay aware of as we move into a new

[25]  era of app development. Here are a couple of changes that are

[26]  on the horizon. The main screen of Pokémon Go is seen

[27]  through your mobile phone. Your avatar moves around a virtual

[28]  map of the real world on your phone, scattered with PokéStops,

[29]  lures, and gyms. This map reflects your real-world

[30]  surroundings, but it does not require you to actively engage

[31]  unless you want to. However, when you spot a Pokémon in the

[32]  app and click on it, you switch to another screen where a

[33]  Pokémon is standing in an enhanced version of your phone

[34]  camera lens, ready to be caught.

[35]  The implications of augmented reality are massive. Pokémon

[36]  Go is a game, albeit a very addictive one, but it begs the

[37]  question of what will happen when the technology it employs

[38]  spreads to other uses. What about overlaying Google Map

[39]  directions on the actual road? Passing by a store and seeing

[40]  online sales displayed on their physical window?

(Retrieved and adapted from http://usabilitygeek.com/pokemon-go-user-experience. Access on August 21st, 2016)

Responda a questão de acordo com o texto.

Text 

Pokémon Go: a new experience

Amber Stechyshyn

[1]  By now, everybody has heard about Pokémon Go and its swift

[2]  and spectacular rise to the top of the app world. For a game

[3]  based on an old 90’s Gameboy game and TV show, it has

[4]  surprisingly universal appeal – kids and grandparents, hipsters

[5]  and business people have all embraced it. At its height, the

[6]  app had 25 million active users.

[7]  Aside from making Augmented Reality (AR) mainstream by

[8]  introducing it to the general public, this app is also a significant

[9]  turning point for those working in User Experience Design. Bit

[10]  by bit, the world has become more aware of the impact of UX

[11] design on everyday life and products. Our efforts to provide

[12]  better user experiences have been acknowledged and UX

[13]  designers are now considered an integral part of most

[14]  businesses. User experience design has also shifted from a

[15]  predominant desktop environment to mobile devices as users

[16]  demanded more mobility in their products. Customers have also

[17]  noticed this shift, and it has raised their expectations of what

[18]  products and services are on offer.

[19]  User Experience Designers are used to adjusting for new

[20]  information and rolling with the punches, but a big phenomenon

[21]  like this does not come along every day, especially one that

[22]  impacts us directly. This is a great opportunity for us to make

[23]  new and innovative changes in our workplaces, but there are

[24]  also pitfalls that we should stay aware of as we move into a new

[25]  era of app development. Here are a couple of changes that are

[26]  on the horizon. The main screen of Pokémon Go is seen

[27]  through your mobile phone. Your avatar moves around a virtual

[28]  map of the real world on your phone, scattered with PokéStops,

[29]  lures, and gyms. This map reflects your real-world

[30]  surroundings, but it does not require you to actively engage

[31]  unless you want to. However, when you spot a Pokémon in the

[32]  app and click on it, you switch to another screen where a

[33]  Pokémon is standing in an enhanced version of your phone

[34]  camera lens, ready to be caught.

[35]  The implications of augmented reality are massive. Pokémon

[36]  Go is a game, albeit a very addictive one, but it begs the

[37]  question of what will happen when the technology it employs

[38]  spreads to other uses. What about overlaying Google Map

[39]  directions on the actual road? Passing by a store and seeing

[40]  online sales displayed on their physical window?

(Retrieved and adapted from http://usabilitygeek.com/pokemon-go-user-experience. Access on August 21st, 2016)

Responda a questão de acordo com o texto.