Questões de Inglês

Cross-cultural Issues and Diverse Belief, 

Douglas S. Diekema MD, MPH 

 

  Patients may bring cultural, religious and  

ideological beliefs with them as they enter into a  

relationship with the physician. Occasionally, these  

beliefs may challenge or conflict with what the physician  

[5] believes to be good medical care. Understanding  

and respecting the beliefs of the patient represents  

an important part of establishing and maintaining a  

therapeutic relationship. While the principle of respect  

for autonomy requires that a physician respect the  

[10] medical decisions of a competent adult patient, in  

cases of surrogate decision-making, the physician  

has an independent duty to guard the interests of the  

patient. 

  Why is it important to respect what appears to me  

[15] to be idiosyncratic beliefs? 

  Respecting the beliefs and values of your patient  

is an important part of establishing an effective  

therapeutic relationship. Failure to take those beliefs  

seriously can undermine the patient’s ability to trust  

[20] you as her physician. It may also encourage persons  

with non-mainstream cultural or religious beliefs to  

avoid seeking medical care when they need it. 

  What are some ways to discover well known sets  

of beliefs? 

[25]   There are many groups that share common sets  

of beliefs. These belief systems may be based on  

shared religions, ethnicity, or ideology. Knowledge  

of these beliefs and the reasonable range of  

interpretation of doctrine should be very helpful in  

[30] deciding if unusual beliefs should be respected. Good  

resources for guidance in this area include patients  

and family members themselves, staff members with  

personal knowledge or experience, hospital chaplains,  

social workers, and interpreters. Unusual beliefs that  

[35] fall outside known belief systems should prompt more  

in-depth discussions to insure they are reasonable. 

  It is important to explore each individual’s beliefs,  

as shared membership in a particular religious or  

cultural group does not necessarily entail identical  

[40] belief systems. 

  What is my responsibility when a patient  

endangers her health by refusing a treatment? 

  Adults have a moral and legal right to make  

decisions about their own health care, including the  

[45] right to refuse treatments that may be life-saving.  

The physician has a responsibility to make sure that  

the patient understands the possible and probable  

outcomes of refusing the proposed treatment. The  

physician should attempt to understand the basis for  

[50] the patient’s refusal and address those concerns and  

any misperceptions the patient may have. In some  

cases, enlisting the aid of a leader in the patient’s  

cultural or religious community may be helpful. 

  Can parents refuse to provide their children with  

[55] necessary medical treatment on the basis of their  

beliefs? 

  Parents have legal and moral authority to make  

health care decisions for their children, as long  

as those decisions do not pose a significant risk of  

[60] serious harm to the child’s health. Parents should not  

be permitted to deny their children medical care when  

that medical care is likely to prevent substantial harm  

or suffering. If necessary, the physician may need  

to pursue a court order or seek the involvement of  

[65] child protective services in order to provide treatment  

against the wishes of the parents. Nevertheless, the  

physician must always take care to show respect  

for the family’s beliefs and a willingness to discuss  

reasonable alternatives with the family. 

[70]   What kinds of treatment can parents choose not  

to provide to their children? 

  Parents have the right to refuse medical  

treatments when doing so does not place the child  

at significant risk of substantial harm or suffering.  

[75] For example, parents have the right to refuse routine  

immunizations for their children on religious or cultural  

grounds. 

  Can a patient demand that I provide them with a  

form of treatment that I am uncomfortable providing? 

[80]   A physician is not morally obligated to provide  

treatment modalities that they do not believe offer a  

benefit to the patient or which may harm the patient.  

Physicians should also not offer treatments that  

they do not feel competent to provide or prescribe.  

[85] However, it is important to take the patient’s request  

seriously, consider accommodating requests that  

will not harm the patient or others, and attempt to  

formulate a plan that would be acceptable to both the  

physician and patient. 

Available at: . Retrieved on: July 3rd, 2017. Adapted.

 

In the fragment of the text “While the principle of respect for autonomy requires that a physician respect the medical decisions of a competent adult patient” (lines 8-10), the connector while expresses an idea of

Directions: Read the text below and answer question according to it.

 

TEXT

FOOD SHORTAGE CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS

    Food shortage is a serious problem facing the

world and is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The

scarcity of food is caused by economic, environmental

and social factors such as crop failure, overpopulation

[5] and poor government policies are the main cause of food

scarcity in most countries. Environmental factors

determine the kind of crops to be produced in a given

place, economic factors determine the buying and

production capacity and socio-political factors determine

[10] distribution of food to the masses. Food shortage has far

reaching long and short term negative impacts which

include starvation, malnutrition, increased mortality and

political unrest¹. There is need to collectively address the

issue of food insecurity using both emergency and long

[15] term measures.

    Causes of food shortages

    There are a number of social factors causing

food shortages. The rate of population increase is higher

than increase in food production. The world is consuming

[20] more than it is producing, leading to decline in food stock

and storage level and increased food prices due to

soaring² demand. Increased population has led to

clearing of agricultural land for human settlement

reducing agricultural production (Kamdor, 2007).

[25] Overcrowding of population in a given place results in

urbanization of previously rich agricultural fields.

Destruction of forests for human settlement, particularly

tropical rain forest has led to climatic changes, such as

prolonged droughts and desertification. Population

[30] increase means more pollution as people use more fuel

in cars, industry, domestic cooking. The resultant effect

is increased air and water pollution which affect the

climate and food production.

    Environmental factors have greatly contributed

[35] to food shortage. Climatic change has reduced

agricultural production. The change in climate is majorly

caused by human activities and to some small extent

natural activities. Increased combustion of fossil fuels

due to increasing population through power plant, motor

[40] transport and mining of coal and oil emits green house

gases which have continued to affect world climate.

Deforestation of tropical forest due to human pressure

has changed climatic patterns and rainfall seasons, and

led to desertification which cannot support a crop

[45] production. Land degradation due to increased human

activities has impacted negatively on agricultural

production (Kamdor, 2007). Natural disasters such as

floods, tropical storms and prolonged droughts are on the

increase and have devastating impacts on food security

[50] particularly in developing countries. There are several

economic factors that contribute to food shortage.

Economic factors affect the ability of farmers to engage

in agricultural production. Poverty situation in developing

nations have reduced their capacity to produce food, as

[55] most farmers cannot afford seed and fertilizers. They use

poor farming methods that cannot yield³ enough, even

substantial use. Investments in agricultural research and

developing are very low in developing nations. Recent

global financial crisis have led to increase in food prices

[60] and reduced investments in agriculture by individuals

and governments in developed nations resulting in

reduced food production.

    Effects of food shortage

    There are a number of short term effects of food

[65] shortage. The impact on children, mothers and elderly

are very evident as seen in malnutrition and hunger

related deaths. Children succumb to hunger within short

period as they cannot stand long period of starvation and

they die even before the arrival of emergency

[70] assistance.

    There are also long term effects of food

shortage. These include increase in the price of food as

a result demand and supply forces. Increasing cost of

food production due to the increase in fuel prices coupled

[75] with persistent drought in grain producing regions has

contributed to the increase in the price of food in the

world. Increase in oil price led to increase in the price of

fertilizers, transportation of food and also industrial

agriculture. Increasing food prices culminated in political

[80] instability and social unrest in several nations across the

globe in 2007, in countries of Mexico, Cameroon, Brazil,

Burkina Faso, Pakistan, Egypt and Bangladesh among

other nations (Kamdor, 2007).

    Solution to problem of food shortage

[85]    There are some solutions to the problem of food

shortage. There is need to reduce production of carbon

emissions and pollution to reduce the resultant climatic

change through concerted and individual efforts. There

is need to invest in clean energy such as solar, nuclear,

[90] and geothermal power in homes and industries, because

they don’t have adverse effects on the environment

(Kamdor, 2007). Rich nations should help poor nations to

develop and use clean and renewable energy in order to

stabilize green house emissions into the atmosphere

[95] (Watson, nd). Government need to work in consultation

with climatic bodies, World Bank and the UN to engage

in projects aimed at promoting green environment.

    Conclusion

    Causes of food shortage are well known and

[100] can be solved if appropriate measures to solve the

problem are taken and effectively implemented.

Environmental causes of food shortages are changes in

climatic and pollution due to human activities such

overgrazing⁴ and deforestation which can be controlled

[105] through legislation.

(Adapted from http://www.paypervids.com/food-shortage-causeseffects-solutions/Acesso em:14 fev 2017)

 

Glossary:

1. unrest – disagreement or fighting between different groups of people

2. soaring – something that increases rapidly above the usual level

3. yield – to supply or produce something such as profit or an amount or food

4. overgrazing – excessive use of land where animals feed on grass

The scarcity of food may lead to long term effects such as

Directions: Read the text below and answer question according to it.

 

TEXT

FOOD SHORTAGE CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS

    Food shortage is a serious problem facing the

world and is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The

scarcity of food is caused by economic, environmental

and social factors such as crop failure, overpopulation

[5] and poor government policies are the main cause of food

scarcity in most countries. Environmental factors

determine the kind of crops to be produced in a given

place, economic factors determine the buying and

production capacity and socio-political factors determine

[10] distribution of food to the masses. Food shortage has far

reaching long and short term negative impacts which

include starvation, malnutrition, increased mortality and

political unrest¹. There is need to collectively address the

issue of food insecurity using both emergency and long

[15] term measures.

    Causes of food shortages

    There are a number of social factors causing

food shortages. The rate of population increase is higher

than increase in food production. The world is consuming

[20] more than it is producing, leading to decline in food stock

and storage level and increased food prices due to

soaring² demand. Increased population has led to

clearing of agricultural land for human settlement

reducing agricultural production (Kamdor, 2007).

[25] Overcrowding of population in a given place results in

urbanization of previously rich agricultural fields.

Destruction of forests for human settlement, particularly

tropical rain forest has led to climatic changes, such as

prolonged droughts and desertification. Population

[30] increase means more pollution as people use more fuel

in cars, industry, domestic cooking. The resultant effect

is increased air and water pollution which affect the

climate and food production.

    Environmental factors have greatly contributed

[35] to food shortage. Climatic change has reduced

agricultural production. The change in climate is majorly

caused by human activities and to some small extent

natural activities. Increased combustion of fossil fuels

due to increasing population through power plant, motor

[40] transport and mining of coal and oil emits green house

gases which have continued to affect world climate.

Deforestation of tropical forest due to human pressure

has changed climatic patterns and rainfall seasons, and

led to desertification which cannot support a crop

[45] production. Land degradation due to increased human

activities has impacted negatively on agricultural

production (Kamdor, 2007). Natural disasters such as

floods, tropical storms and prolonged droughts are on the

increase and have devastating impacts on food security

[50] particularly in developing countries. There are several

economic factors that contribute to food shortage.

Economic factors affect the ability of farmers to engage

in agricultural production. Poverty situation in developing

nations have reduced their capacity to produce food, as

[55] most farmers cannot afford seed and fertilizers. They use

poor farming methods that cannot yield³ enough, even

substantial use. Investments in agricultural research and

developing are very low in developing nations. Recent

global financial crisis have led to increase in food prices

[60] and reduced investments in agriculture by individuals

and governments in developed nations resulting in

reduced food production.

    Effects of food shortage

    There are a number of short term effects of food

[65] shortage. The impact on children, mothers and elderly

are very evident as seen in malnutrition and hunger

related deaths. Children succumb to hunger within short

period as they cannot stand long period of starvation and

they die even before the arrival of emergency

[70] assistance.

    There are also long term effects of food

shortage. These include increase in the price of food as

a result demand and supply forces. Increasing cost of

food production due to the increase in fuel prices coupled

[75] with persistent drought in grain producing regions has

contributed to the increase in the price of food in the

world. Increase in oil price led to increase in the price of

fertilizers, transportation of food and also industrial

agriculture. Increasing food prices culminated in political

[80] instability and social unrest in several nations across the

globe in 2007, in countries of Mexico, Cameroon, Brazil,

Burkina Faso, Pakistan, Egypt and Bangladesh among

other nations (Kamdor, 2007).

    Solution to problem of food shortage

[85]    There are some solutions to the problem of food

shortage. There is need to reduce production of carbon

emissions and pollution to reduce the resultant climatic

change through concerted and individual efforts. There

is need to invest in clean energy such as solar, nuclear,

[90] and geothermal power in homes and industries, because

they don’t have adverse effects on the environment

(Kamdor, 2007). Rich nations should help poor nations to

develop and use clean and renewable energy in order to

stabilize green house emissions into the atmosphere

[95] (Watson, nd). Government need to work in consultation

with climatic bodies, World Bank and the UN to engage

in projects aimed at promoting green environment.

    Conclusion

    Causes of food shortage are well known and

[100] can be solved if appropriate measures to solve the

problem are taken and effectively implemented.

Environmental causes of food shortages are changes in

climatic and pollution due to human activities such

overgrazing⁴ and deforestation which can be controlled

[105] through legislation.

(Adapted from http://www.paypervids.com/food-shortage-causeseffects-solutions/Acesso em:14 fev 2017)

 

Glossary:

1. unrest – disagreement or fighting between different groups of people

2. soaring – something that increases rapidly above the usual level

3. yield – to supply or produce something such as profit or an amount or food

4. overgrazing – excessive use of land where animals feed on grass

The first paragraph states that crop failure, overpopulation and poor government policies are the main cause of food scarcity in most countries. Such problems may represent respectively

Directions: Read the text below and answer question according to it.

 

TEXT

FOOD SHORTAGE CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS

    Food shortage is a serious problem facing the

world and is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The

scarcity of food is caused by economic, environmental

and social factors such as crop failure, overpopulation

[5] and poor government policies are the main cause of food

scarcity in most countries. Environmental factors

determine the kind of crops to be produced in a given

place, economic factors determine the buying and

production capacity and socio-political factors determine

[10] distribution of food to the masses. Food shortage has far

reaching long and short term negative impacts which

include starvation, malnutrition, increased mortality and

political unrest¹. There is need to collectively address the

issue of food insecurity using both emergency and long

[15] term measures.

    Causes of food shortages

    There are a number of social factors causing

food shortages. The rate of population increase is higher

than increase in food production. The world is consuming

[20] more than it is producing, leading to decline in food stock

and storage level and increased food prices due to

soaring² demand. Increased population has led to

clearing of agricultural land for human settlement

reducing agricultural production (Kamdor, 2007).

[25] Overcrowding of population in a given place results in

urbanization of previously rich agricultural fields.

Destruction of forests for human settlement, particularly

tropical rain forest has led to climatic changes, such as

prolonged droughts and desertification. Population

[30] increase means more pollution as people use more fuel

in cars, industry, domestic cooking. The resultant effect

is increased air and water pollution which affect the

climate and food production.

    Environmental factors have greatly contributed

[35] to food shortage. Climatic change has reduced

agricultural production. The change in climate is majorly

caused by human activities and to some small extent

natural activities. Increased combustion of fossil fuels

due to increasing population through power plant, motor

[40] transport and mining of coal and oil emits green house

gases which have continued to affect world climate.

Deforestation of tropical forest due to human pressure

has changed climatic patterns and rainfall seasons, and

led to desertification which cannot support a crop

[45] production. Land degradation due to increased human

activities has impacted negatively on agricultural

production (Kamdor, 2007). Natural disasters such as

floods, tropical storms and prolonged droughts are on the

increase and have devastating impacts on food security

[50] particularly in developing countries. There are several

economic factors that contribute to food shortage.

Economic factors affect the ability of farmers to engage

in agricultural production. Poverty situation in developing

nations have reduced their capacity to produce food, as

[55] most farmers cannot afford seed and fertilizers. They use

poor farming methods that cannot yield³ enough, even

substantial use. Investments in agricultural research and

developing are very low in developing nations. Recent

global financial crisis have led to increase in food prices

[60] and reduced investments in agriculture by individuals

and governments in developed nations resulting in

reduced food production.

    Effects of food shortage

    There are a number of short term effects of food

[65] shortage. The impact on children, mothers and elderly

are very evident as seen in malnutrition and hunger

related deaths. Children succumb to hunger within short

period as they cannot stand long period of starvation and

they die even before the arrival of emergency

[70] assistance.

    There are also long term effects of food

shortage. These include increase in the price of food as

a result demand and supply forces. Increasing cost of

food production due to the increase in fuel prices coupled

[75] with persistent drought in grain producing regions has

contributed to the increase in the price of food in the

world. Increase in oil price led to increase in the price of

fertilizers, transportation of food and also industrial

agriculture. Increasing food prices culminated in political

[80] instability and social unrest in several nations across the

globe in 2007, in countries of Mexico, Cameroon, Brazil,

Burkina Faso, Pakistan, Egypt and Bangladesh among

other nations (Kamdor, 2007).

    Solution to problem of food shortage

[85]    There are some solutions to the problem of food

shortage. There is need to reduce production of carbon

emissions and pollution to reduce the resultant climatic

change through concerted and individual efforts. There

is need to invest in clean energy such as solar, nuclear,

[90] and geothermal power in homes and industries, because

they don’t have adverse effects on the environment

(Kamdor, 2007). Rich nations should help poor nations to

develop and use clean and renewable energy in order to

stabilize green house emissions into the atmosphere

[95] (Watson, nd). Government need to work in consultation

with climatic bodies, World Bank and the UN to engage

in projects aimed at promoting green environment.

    Conclusion

    Causes of food shortage are well known and

[100] can be solved if appropriate measures to solve the

problem are taken and effectively implemented.

Environmental causes of food shortages are changes in

climatic and pollution due to human activities such

overgrazing⁴ and deforestation which can be controlled

[105] through legislation.

(Adapted from http://www.paypervids.com/food-shortage-causeseffects-solutions/Acesso em:14 fev 2017)

 

Glossary:

1. unrest – disagreement or fighting between different groups of people

2. soaring – something that increases rapidly above the usual level

3. yield – to supply or produce something such as profit or an amount or food

4. overgrazing – excessive use of land where animals feed on grass

Mark the INCORRECT option according to the text.

Alice Paul: Champion of the Woman Suffrage

Lisa Kathleen Graddy

 

   Alice Paul came to Washington in 1913 determined to change the established landscape of the suffrage

movement that concentrated on winning the vote one state at a time. In just a few weeks she put together a

pageant and a parade that marched down Pennsylvania Avenue, demanding a Constitutional amendment

giving women in the United States the right to vote. The parade took place on March 3, the day before

[5] Woodrow Wilson took office, effectively putting the incoming president on notice that a new generation

of woman suffragists was literally moving forward. The day was marked by violence from hostile crowds,

prompting a Congressional investigation into the D.C. police’s protection of the marchers, but the event

and its aftermath made headlines. And headlines, bringing public attention, public debate, and possibly

public support and pressure, were exactly what Alice Paul wanted. For seven years she kept the demand

[10] for woman suffrage in the public and presidential eyes in demonstrations that eventually came to the point

of picketing the White House and burning President Wilson’s speeches. When her tactics became too

“radical” for the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she formed the National Woman’s Party

and continued on.

   Paul’s life had prepared her for this work. Born in 1885, her Quaker family taught her that men and

[15] women were equals. She earned advanced degrees in sociology but was frustrated by the slow progress

of social work. To remedy the problems of poverty, health, and education required changing laws – and

changing laws required the votes of women. Paul worked for woman suffrage while in college but it was

during her graduate studies in England that she became exposed to the confrontational tactics of the

English “suffragettes.” When she returned to the United States she was ready to adapt their tactics for an

[20] American audience.

   The most dramatic episode of Paul’s suffrage battle took place in January 1917, when, discouraged

by President Wilson’s continued opposition to the suffrage amendment, Paul posted pickets at the White

House gates – the first people to ever picket the White House. These “silent sentinels” stayed on duty in

all weather and in the face of threats, insults, and physical violence. Using their banners and their quiet

[25] courage they asked, “Mr. President How Long Must Women Wait for their Liberty?” and “Mr. President What

Will you do for Woman Suffrage?” Hoping to provoke a response, the language on the banners became

more inflammatory. They used the president’s own words against him and pointed out the hypocrisy of

his leading the country into the first world war to defend freedom while denying it to the women of his own

country.

[30]   Crowds who believed the pickets’ activities were disloyal in a time of war attacked the suffragists and

destroyed their banners. In July the police began arresting the pickets for “obstruction of traffic.” When

they refused to pay fines, they were imprisoned. When they went on hunger strikes to demand the rights of

political prisoners they were forcibly fed – a painful and invasive procedure. The pickets continued despite

the risk. Although Alice knew what lay ahead and that she, as the organizer of the picketing, would receive

[35] a harsher sentence, she insisted on taking her place on the picket line. She was arrested in October.

While in jail she was forcibly fed and threatened with confinement to an insane asylum. Reports of the

long sentences, abuse, and the courage of the suffragists became public and all prisoners were released

in November. Physically weakened due to the time they had spent in jail, but determined to be victorious,

Paul and her sister suffragists fought on.

[40]   The 19th amendment giving women the right to vote was ratified on August 18, 1920. Women had

won the vote but they still hadn’t achieved equal rights, so Paul and the National Woman’s Party took up

the fight to achieve them. Believing that the more she understood about law the more useful she would

be, Paul went back to school and earned three law degrees. In 1923 she drafted the text of the Equal

Rights Amendment and worked for women’s equality in national and international forums for the rest of

[45] her career. Nonetheless, it was only in 1972 that Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment and sent

it to the states for ratification.

   Alice suffered a stroke in 1974 and died on July 9, 1977, at the age of 92. She would never know that

the amendment for which she had fought so long and hard would not be ratified. Alice Paul dedicated her

life to championing women and their rights. Remember her the next time you vote.

Disponível em: <http://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2012/05/alice-paul-champion-of-woman-suffrage.html>. Acesso em: 7 ago. 17. (Adaptado.)

 

Leia o período abaixo e assinale a alternativa correta. 

– Women had won the vote but they still hadn’t achieved equal rights, so Paul and the National Woman’s Party took up the fight to achieve them (linhas 40, 41 e 42).

Alice Paul: Champion of the Woman Suffrage

Lisa Kathleen Graddy

 

   Alice Paul came to Washington in 1913 determined to change the established landscape of the suffrage

movement that concentrated on winning the vote one state at a time. In just a few weeks she put together a

pageant and a parade that marched down Pennsylvania Avenue, demanding a Constitutional amendment

giving women in the United States the right to vote. The parade took place on March 3, the day before

[5] Woodrow Wilson took office, effectively putting the incoming president on notice that a new generation

of woman suffragists was literally moving forward. The day was marked by violence from hostile crowds,

prompting a Congressional investigation into the D.C. police’s protection of the marchers, but the event

and its aftermath made headlines. And headlines, bringing public attention, public debate, and possibly

public support and pressure, were exactly what Alice Paul wanted. For seven years she kept the demand

[10] for woman suffrage in the public and presidential eyes in demonstrations that eventually came to the point

of picketing the White House and burning President Wilson’s speeches. When her tactics became too

“radical” for the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she formed the National Woman’s Party

and continued on.

   Paul’s life had prepared her for this work. Born in 1885, her Quaker family taught her that men and

[15] women were equals. She earned advanced degrees in sociology but was frustrated by the slow progress

of social work. To remedy the problems of poverty, health, and education required changing laws – and

changing laws required the votes of women. Paul worked for woman suffrage while in college but it was

during her graduate studies in England that she became exposed to the confrontational tactics of the

English “suffragettes.” When she returned to the United States she was ready to adapt their tactics for an

[20] American audience.

   The most dramatic episode of Paul’s suffrage battle took place in January 1917, when, discouraged

by President Wilson’s continued opposition to the suffrage amendment, Paul posted pickets at the White

House gates – the first people to ever picket the White House. These “silent sentinels” stayed on duty in

all weather and in the face of threats, insults, and physical violence. Using their banners and their quiet

[25] courage they asked, “Mr. President How Long Must Women Wait for their Liberty?” and “Mr. President What

Will you do for Woman Suffrage?” Hoping to provoke a response, the language on the banners became

more inflammatory. They used the president’s own words against him and pointed out the hypocrisy of

his leading the country into the first world war to defend freedom while denying it to the women of his own

country.

[30]   Crowds who believed the pickets’ activities were disloyal in a time of war attacked the suffragists and

destroyed their banners. In July the police began arresting the pickets for “obstruction of traffic.” When

they refused to pay fines, they were imprisoned. When they went on hunger strikes to demand the rights of

political prisoners they were forcibly fed – a painful and invasive procedure. The pickets continued despite

the risk. Although Alice knew what lay ahead and that she, as the organizer of the picketing, would receive

[35] a harsher sentence, she insisted on taking her place on the picket line. She was arrested in October.

While in jail she was forcibly fed and threatened with confinement to an insane asylum. Reports of the

long sentences, abuse, and the courage of the suffragists became public and all prisoners were released

in November. Physically weakened due to the time they had spent in jail, but determined to be victorious,

Paul and her sister suffragists fought on.

[40]   The 19th amendment giving women the right to vote was ratified on August 18, 1920. Women had

won the vote but they still hadn’t achieved equal rights, so Paul and the National Woman’s Party took up

the fight to achieve them. Believing that the more she understood about law the more useful she would

be, Paul went back to school and earned three law degrees. In 1923 she drafted the text of the Equal

Rights Amendment and worked for women’s equality in national and international forums for the rest of

[45] her career. Nonetheless, it was only in 1972 that Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment and sent

it to the states for ratification.

   Alice suffered a stroke in 1974 and died on July 9, 1977, at the age of 92. She would never know that

the amendment for which she had fought so long and hard would not be ratified. Alice Paul dedicated her

life to championing women and their rights. Remember her the next time you vote.

Disponível em: <http://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2012/05/alice-paul-champion-of-woman-suffrage.html>. Acesso em: 7 ago. 17. (Adaptado.)

 

Segundo o texto, é correto afirmar que