Questões de Inglês

TEXTO:

  Harvesting organs from animals may provide the
solution to the shortfall of human donors. However, two
technical obstacles need to be overcome before
animal-human transplants can become a medical
[5] reality. One is that human immune systems often reject
foreign tissue. The second problem comes from the
risk of disease transfer.
  According to George Church of Harvard Medical
School, genetically engineering pigs may provide the
[10] key to overcoming this second problem. Due to their
size, pigs are natural candidates for animal-human
transplants, but their DNA is naturally rife with
dangerous PERVs, or porcine endogenous
retroviruses. An innovative gene-editing technique
[15] known as CRISPER has the capacity to identify and
delete specific sequences out of the genome. Upon
discovering that a single porcine gene enables PERVs
to infect human hosts, Dr. Church and his colleagues
turned CRISPER against the culprit. Initial results
[20] suggest that this procedure may be a success,
preventing human infection without compromising the
pig cells.

HARVESTING. Disponível em: <www.newsweek.com/end-humanorgan-shortages-and-other-science-breakthroughs-386132>. Acesso em: 13 maio 2018. Adaptado

Fill in the parentheses with T (True) or F (False).

As far as transplants are considered, the text says that

 

( ) There’s a shortage of human donors nowadays.

( ) Transgenic pigs are promising organ donors for human transplants.

( ) Animal-to-human organ transplants have already shown to work satisfactorily.

( ) Our immune systems fail to attack foreign material that enters the body.

 

The correct sequence, from top to bottom, is

TEXTO:

  Building muscle might have you looking and feeling fitter and more toned, but those changes may not be so
obvious when you hop on the scale. That’s because muscle is denser than fat, and one pound of fat takes
up about four times as much space as muscle. “If the mirror is looking good, but the scale isn’t necessarily changing,
what you’re really doing is changing the composition of your body,” says Nick Tuminello, a personal trainer and author
[5] of Strength Training for Fat Loss. And that’s a great thing! You’re losing fat and gaining muscle, which resistance
training does more effectively than endurance training, according to recent research.
  Exercise, including resistance training, is essential for general health, weight loss, and weight maintenance, but
don’t forget that diet is No. 1 when it comes to weight loss. Research shows that a combination of diet and exercise is
the way to go for sustaining it. “Pay attention to your diet to better reveal your shape and use strength training to
[10] improve that shape,” Tuminello says. Besides, the benefits of a healthy diet and daily exercise go way beyond just
weight loss. So rather than getting hung up on numbers — especially if it’s causing you to obsess and step on the
scale every single day — ditch the weigh-ins and focus on how your clothes fit and how you feel. Your mental health
will thank you.

BUILDING MUSCLE. Disponível em: <https://greatist.com/move/strength-training-a-beginners-guide>. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2018.

Fill in the parentheses with T (True) or F (False).

It’s stated in the text:

 

( ) Both resistance and endurance trainings make you put on weight.

( ) Endurance training does not make you gain muscle as fast as strength training.

( ) Strength training helps you replace fat by muscle.

( ) Muscle building contributes to rapid weight loss.

 

The correct sequence, from top to bottom, is

TEXTO:

 

  Anna had been depressed for much of her adult
life, seeking a range of treatments that might help her
condition. She took anti-depressants, underwent
psychotherapy and even experienced electroconvulsive
[5] therapy – which involves passing electricity through the
whole brain.
  Treatments like these were only effective for short
periods, and her depression would soon return. Another
issue she faced was that she was morbidly obese,
[10] weighing 183kg. This resulted in severely limited
mobility which, naturally, exacerbated her depression,
putting in place a vicious circle of poor health.
  Gastric bypass surgery helped her lose some
weight but not as much as expected from such a
[15] procedure, and it had little impact on her depression.
As a last resort treatment, psychiatrists took a drastic
decision to implant an electrical device in her brain, an
invasive therapy known as deep brain stimulation. It’s
a treatment that’s already frequently used to alleviate
[20] the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy.
  Not only did this treatment significantly help her
depression, it had another astonishing outcome – she
lost more weight than she had with any previous
treatment, losing almost 50% more weight (2.8kg or
[25] 6.1lbs) per month than she had done after the gastric
bypass surgery. Thomas Munte, the neurologist who
treated Anna, says that while the initial goal was to treat
her depression, the weight loss was the “secondary
target” of the surgery. In her case, the two were
[30] seemingly linked.
  That Anna successfully lost weight following the
treatment is opening up new discussions about how to
tackle what we know is a world-wide epidemic. It is
also revealing that in some rare cases, the brain can
[35] be “de-tuned” from debilitating behaviors, like addiction.

HOGENBOOM, Melissa. Disponível em: <www.bbc.com/future/story/ 20180312-how-deep-brain-stimulation-silenced-food-cravings>. Acesso em: 13 maio 2018.

Considering language use in the text, it’s correct to say:

TEXTO:

 

  Anna had been depressed for much of her adult
life, seeking a range of treatments that might help her
condition. She took anti-depressants, underwent
psychotherapy and even experienced electroconvulsive
[5] therapy – which involves passing electricity through the
whole brain.
  Treatments like these were only effective for short
periods, and her depression would soon return. Another
issue she faced was that she was morbidly obese,
[10] weighing 183kg. This resulted in severely limited
mobility which, naturally, exacerbated her depression,
putting in place a vicious circle of poor health.
  Gastric bypass surgery helped her lose some
weight but not as much as expected from such a
[15] procedure, and it had little impact on her depression.
As a last resort treatment, psychiatrists took a drastic
decision to implant an electrical device in her brain, an
invasive therapy known as deep brain stimulation. It’s
a treatment that’s already frequently used to alleviate
[20] the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy.
  Not only did this treatment significantly help her
depression, it had another astonishing outcome – she
lost more weight than she had with any previous
treatment, losing almost 50% more weight (2.8kg or
[25] 6.1lbs) per month than she had done after the gastric
bypass surgery. Thomas Munte, the neurologist who
treated Anna, says that while the initial goal was to treat
her depression, the weight loss was the “secondary
target” of the surgery. In her case, the two were
[30] seemingly linked.
  That Anna successfully lost weight following the
treatment is opening up new discussions about how to
tackle what we know is a world-wide epidemic. It is
also revealing that in some rare cases, the brain can
[35] be “de-tuned” from debilitating behaviors, like addiction.

HOGENBOOM, Melissa. Disponível em: <www.bbc.com/future/story/ 20180312-how-deep-brain-stimulation-silenced-food-cravings>. Acesso em: 13 maio 2018.

As far as the deep brain stimulation therapy is considered, the neurologist who treated Anna said that weight loss was its

Triple-negative breast cancer is an aggressive disease that presents an enormous clinical challenge. Its biology is less well understood compared with many other cancers and there is an urgent need for new prognostic tools and treatments. Now, a new study suggests screening patients for the prolactin receptor may offer a step forward.

The study is the work of researchers at McGill University in Canada, who report their findings in the journal Scientific Reports.

A diagnosis of triple-negative breast cancer means the tumor lacks the three most common types of receptor known to drive most breast cancer growth. These receptors are: estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).

Around 15 percent of breast cancer is triple-negative.

Unfortunately, it is typically associated with a high rate of recurrence and poor patient outcome.

Suhad Ali, associate professor of medicine and senior author of the new study, explains that triple-negative breast cancer is very difficult to treat. Compared with other types of breast cancer, targeted treatment options are limited and patients often have to undergo invasive chemotherapy and have a poor prognosis.

Studies that have probed the biology of triple-negative breast cancer suggest it is not one disease but a range of diverse cancers that behave differently in different patients. For example, a study published in 2011 that used gene expression profiles suggested there are at least six subgroups of triple-negative breast cancer. (…)

Available in: <http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/313685.php>.

 

The study conducted by researchers at McGill University in Canada suggests:

THE OBESITY-HUNGER PARADOX by SAM DOLNICK

 

When most people think of hunger in America, the images that leap to mind are of are of ragged toddlers in Appalachia or rail-thin children in dingy apartments reaching for empty bottles of milk. But a recent survey found that the most severe hungerrelated problems in the nation are in the South Bronx, one of the country’s capitals of obesity. Experts say these are not parallel problems persisting in side-by-side neighborhoods, but plagues often seen in the same households, even the same person: the hungriest people in America today, statistically speaking, may well be not sickly skinny, but excessively fat.

Call it the Bronx Paradox. “Hunger and obesity are often flip sides to the same malnutrition coin,” said Joel Berg, executive director of the New York City Coalition Against Hunger. “Hunger is certainly almost an exclusive symptom of poverty. And extra obesity is one of the symptoms of poverty.” The Bronx has the city’s highest rate of obesity, with residents facing an estimated 85 percent higher risk of being obese than people in Manhattan.

But the Bronx also faces stubborn hunger problems. According to a survey released in January by the Food Research and Action Center, nearly 37 percent of residents in the 16th Congressional District, which encompasses the South Bronx, said they lacked money to buy food at some point in the past 12 months. That is more than any other Congressional district in the country and twice the national average.

Full-service, reasonably priced supermarkets are rare in impoverished neighborhoods, and the ones that are there tend to carry more processed foods than seasonal fruits and vegetables. “When you’re just trying to get your calorie intake, you’re going to get what fills your belly,” said Mr. Berg, the author of “All You Can Eat: How Hungry Is America?” “And that may make you heavier even as you’re really struggling to secure enough food.”

Bloomberg administration officials see hunger and obesity as linked problems that can be addressed in part by making healthful food more affordable. “It’s a subtle, complicated link, but they’re very much linked, so the strategic response needs to be linked in various ways,” said Linda I. Gibbs, the deputy mayor for health and human services. “We tackle the challenge on three fronts — providing income supports, increasing healthy options and encouraging nutritious behavior.”

To that end, the city offers a Health Bucks program that encourages people to spend their food stamps at farmers’ markets by giving them an extra $2 coupon for every $5 spent there. The city has also created initiatives to send carts selling fresh fruits and vegetables to poor neighborhoods, and to draw grocery stores carrying fresh fruit and produce to low-income areas by offering them tax credits and other incentives.

But the Bronx’s hunger and obesity problems are not simply related to the lack of fresh food. Experts point to a swirling combination of factors that are tied to, and exacerbated by, poverty. Poor people “often work longer hours and work multiple jobs, so they tend to eat on the run,” said Dr. Rundle of Columbia. “They have less time to work out or exercise, so the deck is really stacked against them.” Indeed, the food insecurity study is hardly the first statistical measure in which the Bronx lands on the top — or, in reality, the bottom. The borough’s 14.1 percent  unemployment rate is the highest in the state. It is one of the poorest counties in the nation. And it was recently ranked the unhealthiest of New York’s 62 counties. “If you look at rates of obesity, diabetes, poor access to grocery stores, poverty rates, unemployment and hunger measures, the Bronx lights up on all of those,” said Triada Stampas of the Food Bank for New York City. “They’re all very much interconnected.”

Http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/nyregion/14hunger.html

No trecho extraído do texto “Experts point to a swirling combination of factors that are tied to, and exacerbated by, poverty.” A palavra swirling assume função de adjetivo. Assinale a alternativa na qual a palavra em negrito também assume essa função: