Questões de Inglês

Text 

A civil rights 'emergency': justice, clean air and water in the age of Trump
by Oliver Milman in New York

 

The Trump administration’s dismantling of environmental regulations has intensified a growing civil rights battle over the deadly burden of pollution on minorities and low-income people. Black, Latino and disadvantaged people have long been disproportionately afflicted by toxins from industrial plants, cars, hazardous housing conditions and other sources. But political leaders, academics and activists spoke of a growing urgency around the struggle for environmental justice as the Trump administration peels away rules designed to protect clean air and water.

 

“What we are seeing is the institutionalization of discrimination again, the thing we’ve fought for 40 years,” said Robert Bullard, an academic widely considered the father of the environmental justice movement. “There are people in fence-line communities who are now very worried. If the federal government doesn’t monitor and regulate, and gives the states a green light to do what they want, we are going to get more pollution, more people will get sick. There will be more deaths.”

(Excerpt from the site: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/nov/20/environmental-justice-in-the-age-of-trump. Researched on November 2017.)

Mark the CORRECT alternative about the text:

Based on the text below, answer the next question.

 

HNSA Ships

 

HMS Nordkaparen

 

    This submarine was built at Kockums Mekaniska Verkstad in Malmo. The Dragon-class submarine was delivered in 1962 and differed from earlier boats primarily in that her aft part is streamlined and fitted with a rudder in the longitudinal form of a cross. Her single propeller is less noisy than the earlier twin propellers. A wire guided system steers her torpedoes, and a novel system of storage in a revolving device in her forward compartment simplifies and shortens the time for recharging her tubes. Her original equipment included radar, snorkel ventilation and a crane on her foredeck for recovering dummy torpedoes used in training.

 

Kalmaesund (M13)

 

    The minelayer Kalmarsund, M13, was built at Orlogsvarvet in Stockholm in 1953. M13 was used in Karlskrona for repairs and maintenance of the Swedish Coast Defence minefields, and for training of officers and conscripts in navigation and mine service. In 1992 she was refitted at Oskarshamn naval yard when, for instance, the mine storage was converted into crew's quarters. In 2001 she was transferred to Gothenburg. Her main task was to serve as a support-and-quartering ship for the regiment.

 

HMS Smaland

 

    The largest destroyer ship in Scandinavia preserved in a museum, HMS Smaland was launched in 1952 at Eriksberg's Mekaniska Verkstad in Goteborg, and delivered to the Royal Swedish Navy in 1956. Before the destroyer was decommissioned in 1979, she had been modernized three times. On delivery, she and her sister vessel, HMS Halland were the first destroyers armed with surface to surface marine missiles. Her propulsion machinery comprises 29,000 hp steam turbines, each driving a propeller. She may be said to be the result of the 80-year development of destroyers. 

(Abridged from http :/Avww.hnsa.org/hnsa-ships)

 

According to the text, which option is correct?

Which is the correct option to complete the text below?

 

Chock-a-block

 

    Today, this adjective means 'crammed full with people or things' (the narrow roads are chock-a-block with vehicles).

 

    Chock derives            chock-full, a Middle English word            unknown origin meaning 'very full'. It rhymes nicely            the block in question, more fully known as a pulley block, part            a block and tackle. This is a device much used            boats and elsewhere to make lifting heavy weights less demanding.

(https ://blog.oxforddictionaries.com)

Which of the sentences below is INCORRECT?

TEXT

 

    Roraima also differs from other areas of the Amazon, given the timid way in which corporate capital has ventured into the region. Despite its natural riches, there are no large-scale mining or timber operations, and local industries are embryonic. Resulting from the mild stage of capitalist exploration, and relatively recent human occupation, the number and intensity of conflicts over regional resources are substantially smaller.

    Migration represented a leading role in the territorial, political and cultural formation of Roraima. During the 1970s and 1980s the state received a considerable influx of migrants from the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, especially from Ceará, Maranhão, Pará and Amazonas states. Overtime migration flows were perpetuated due to the workings of very active migrant social networks, linking very specific communities at origins and destinations. Internally, the city of Boa Vista has played a paramount role attracting immigrants from other states and then redistributing them to other municipalities. The importance of Boa Vista can be grasped from a quick examination of Roraima's urban network, where it exerts the role of a primate city in a highly unbalanced system.

    The tremendous influx of migrants over the 1970s and 1980s had a direct impact in the creation of new municipalities, promoting regional development and economic change, which, in turn, fueled renewed migratory flows. The 1990s and 2000s witnessed an augmentation of such moves projecting an inversion in terms of importance of inter and intrastate moves in future years. After all, interstate long distance moves have historically dominated Roraima's migration system; nonetheless, over the last decades intrastate migration has grown at a much faster pace than longer moves.

    In the near future Roraima is likely to continue drawing migrants from traditional areas given the organic nature of migrant social networks and its tendency to remain active over time. On the other hand, new migration flows are likely to arise and intensify as regional development will create economic opportunities for many, intensifying formal and informal communication channels. Within this context, the service sector, especially the public administration system will allure urban bound migrants from various Brazilian cities. However, one cannot deny the fact that Roraima remains an active agriculture frontier, where the perspective of acquiring a free plot of land is still viable. Thus, Roraima will still receive large waves of landless peasants in the near future, most likely from traditional source areas. Nevertheless, in order to become a valid alternative for the Brazilian poor, it is imperative that current abandonment rates within colonization projects are diminished, preventing them from turning into a demographic void, while the peripheral areas of the encroaching urban places become increasingly plagued with poverty

(Fragment from “The Colonization of Roraima State, Brazil: an Analysis of its Major Migration Flows (1970 to 2010)”, by Alexandre Magno Alves Diniz and Elisângela Gonçalves Lacerda, Espace populations sociétés [Online], 2014/2-3 | 2015, Online since 01 December 2014, connection on 10 January 2017. URL : http://eps.revues.org/5817 ; DOI : 10.4000/eps.5817)

About Roraima is CORRECT to infer:

TEXT

 

    Roraima also differs from other areas of the Amazon, given the timid way in which corporate capital has ventured into the region. Despite its natural riches, there are no large-scale mining or timber operations, and local industries are embryonic. Resulting from the mild stage of capitalist exploration, and relatively recent human occupation, the number and intensity of conflicts over regional resources are substantially smaller.

    Migration represented a leading role in the territorial, political and cultural formation of Roraima. During the 1970s and 1980s the state received a considerable influx of migrants from the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, especially from Ceará, Maranhão, Pará and Amazonas states. Overtime migration flows were perpetuated due to the workings of very active migrant social networks, linking very specific communities at origins and destinations. Internally, the city of Boa Vista has played a paramount role attracting immigrants from other states and then redistributing them to other municipalities. The importance of Boa Vista can be grasped from a quick examination of Roraima's urban network, where it exerts the role of a primate city in a highly unbalanced system.

    The tremendous influx of migrants over the 1970s and 1980s had a direct impact in the creation of new municipalities, promoting regional development and economic change, which, in turn, fueled renewed migratory flows. The 1990s and 2000s witnessed an augmentation of such moves projecting an inversion in terms of importance of inter and intrastate moves in future years. After all, interstate long distance moves have historically dominated Roraima's migration system; nonetheless, over the last decades intrastate migration has grown at a much faster pace than longer moves.

    In the near future Roraima is likely to continue drawing migrants from traditional areas given the organic nature of migrant social networks and its tendency to remain active over time. On the other hand, new migration flows are likely to arise and intensify as regional development will create economic opportunities for many, intensifying formal and informal communication channels. Within this context, the service sector, especially the public administration system will allure urban bound migrants from various Brazilian cities. However, one cannot deny the fact that Roraima remains an active agriculture frontier, where the perspective of acquiring a free plot of land is still viable. Thus, Roraima will still receive large waves of landless peasants in the near future, most likely from traditional source areas. Nevertheless, in order to become a valid alternative for the Brazilian poor, it is imperative that current abandonment rates within colonization projects are diminished, preventing them from turning into a demographic void, while the peripheral areas of the encroaching urban places become increasingly plagued with poverty

(Fragment from “The Colonization of Roraima State, Brazil: an Analysis of its Major Migration Flows (1970 to 2010)”, by Alexandre Magno Alves Diniz and Elisângela Gonçalves Lacerda, Espace populations sociétés [Online], 2014/2-3 | 2015, Online since 01 December 2014, connection on 10 January 2017. URL : http://eps.revues.org/5817 ; DOI : 10.4000/eps.5817)

Choose the only CORRECT alternative which exposes an appropriated synonymous to replace the word witnessed, on the third paragraph: