Questões de Inglês

Mark the option which corresponds to the correct sentences.

 

I - The lady regularly assists the local mosque.

II - She is very particular about cleanliness.

III - It is difficult to access whether this is a new trend.

IV - As for Van Gogh, he was confined in a hospice for one reason; he was a madman.

V - Abstracts that summarise new research and fmdings will be given priority.

Which option is correct?

Text

 

Based on the text below, answer question.

 

Are shipping containers the future of affordable housing?

 

    Millions of people need homes. Millions of shipping containers are going unused. Could this be an answer to the global housing crisis? Cleveland Containers explore further.

    England is facing a housing crisis. According to housing charity Shelter, more than 50,000 households a year are being forced out of their homes, and there are more than 9 million renters in unsecure rented accommodations.

    The situation is shaky even for those who own their own homes. 28,900 homes were repossessed across the UK in 2013.

    But this situation isn't unique to England. House prices are soaring across the world, which is placing home ownership out of reach for millions. And that's just in the developed world. Around 850 million people are currently living in “informal settlements”. In numerous rapidly urbanising cities, the average housing costs can be up to 200% of the net monthly income.

    There is no single explanation as to why the world's facing a housing crisis, and there's no easy answer for how to solve it. But one major factor is a general dearth of good quality, affordable housing. Many developments in the housing market are focused on constructing high-end units that are expensive to build and out of the price range of most. This needs to change.

    Desperate times often call for radical Solutions. One thing the world isn't lacking is shipping containers. There may be up to 40 million shipping containers in the world right now, and experts believe that only six million are currently in use.

 

Who'd live in a shipping Container?

 

    Shipping containers are built to be strong, secure and practical. These are all sound benefits for storage and mass transit, but do they make for comfortable accommodation?

    The idea of living in a shipping Container might strike some as odd, unfeasible, impractical and maybe even a little unappealing. But it's important to think of shipping containers not as finished products, but as raw materiais - as exoskeletons for future homes.

    Because, really, there's no end to what you can do with a shipping Container. They can easily be insulated and fitted with Windows, doors, indoor partitions, electricity and running water - everything that's needed for human inhabitation. A single shipping Container can be transformed into a cosy dwelling in no time at all. But if more space is needed, you can just stack multiple containers on top of each other.

    And if you're really wondering whether people would be comfortable living in converted shipping containers, just consider the great reaction that greets shipping containers converted for retail use. They're thought of as cool, hip and quirky. When used as affordable housing, it's no stretch to say that many won't think of shipping containers as a last resort, so much as actively desirable.

(Abridged and adapted from https://www.openaccessgovemment.org)

According to the text, shipping containers

Text

 

Read the text below and choose the correct option.

 

Buy a beach cruiser and help save sea turtles on Kiawah

 

    Every spring, fierce female sea turtles-mostly loggerheads-make their way from the ocean to Kiawah Island during nesting season.

    From May through October, Kiawah's beaches are home to 400 nests and thousands of baby loggerheads. But many of these endangered hatchlings would not survive without the island's hands-on nest protection program. Specifícally, the Kiawah Island Turtle Patrol efforts that help 75% of hatchlings make it from their nests to the ocean. Without these efforts: less than 10% have a chance.

    Sea turtles are an endangered species and the loggerhead turtle has been on the threatened list since 1978. Over the years, the Kiawah Island Turtle Patrol has become one of the largest volunteer turtle efforts in the United States. From relocating nests to helping hatchlings find the sea, volunteering is open to island residents and guests, and the program relies on the community to help raise awareness about the importance of nesting season.

    This May, you'll see a custom fleet of beach cruisers with an original turtle print designed by Peter Millar at the new Timbers Kiawah Ocean Club and Residences.

    “We approached Peter Millar, a favorite on Kiawah, to design a turtle-pattemed bike as a fun way to raise our owners' awareness about the turtles and show our commitment to protecting the wildlife on Kiawah”, says Chris Burden, managing director for Timbers Kiawah.

    You don't have to be a Timbers' owner to help: the limited-edition beach cruisers are for sale to the public and 100% of the proceeds go to the turtle patrol. “Kiawah Island is one of the country's most vital nesting areas for loggerhead sea turtles and the turtle patrol is responsible for nesting patrols and monitoring efforts up and down the beach. The contributions will be used to fund their initiatives in whatever way they see fit”, Burden says. Anyone can volunteer in the nesting and hatching programs by contacting Kiawah Island Turtle Patrol.

(Abridged and adapted from https://www.newsweek.com/iawahsave-turtles-1412015)

 

It is possible to infer from the text that

T E X T

 

English in the World Today

 

    The English language has changed
considerably over the last thousand or so
years. It has changed in terms of its lexis
(vocabulary), its orthography (spelling)
[5] and its semantics (meaning). And it has
also changed in terms of its syntax (word
order).
    One of the reasons for the change
that has happened to English over the
[10] centuries is that, since its very
beginnings, English has always been in
contact with other languages. The
influence from this contact can be seen
most clearly in the way that English is full
[15] of what are known as loanwords. The
term loanword, or borrowing, is used to
refer to an item of vocabulary from one
language which has been adopted into
the vocabulary of another. The process is
[20] often the result of language contact,
where two or more languages exist in
close geographical or social proximity.
The dominant language often absorbs
new items of vocabulary, either to cover
[25] concepts for which it has no specific word
of its own, or to generate a slightly
different function or nuance for concepts
for which it does have existing words.
    Some loanwords retain their
[30] 'foreign’ appearance when they are
adopted, and people will often then use
them specifically for the sense of
exoticism that they impart. One can talk
of a certain je ne sais quoi, for example,
[35] or of a joie de vivre when speaking
English – in both cases invoking images
of French culture to enhance the meaning
of what is being communicated. Other
loanwords, however, have become
[40] completely naturalized, until speakers of
the language no longer notice their
‘foreignness’ at all.
    English has, over its lifetime,
absorbed influences from countless
[45] sources – and so just as English is now a
presence in diverse contexts all across
the globe, so diverse contexts from
across the globe also have a presence in
the language itself.
[50]     The history of English can
therefore be seen as a record of the
changes that have occurred in the
populations of those who speak the
language. When two languages come into
[55] contact, what actually happens is that
two communities who speak different
languages engage with each other, and 

the nature of that engagement will
determine how the languages influence
[60] one another. In other words, it is
important when we study English not to
forget that what we are actually studying
is the language as it is and was used by
real people.
[65]     There is a problem in talking about
statistics such as those which say that
English is spoken by almost two billion
people the world over because they make
large generalizations about the nature of
[70] the English involved, and the relationship
that people have to the language. Such
statistics can never fully represent the
diversity of experiences that speakers of
the language have, either about whether
[75] they feel they are ‘authentic’ English
speakers or about what they themselves
understand English to be.
    The attitudes people have towards
the language are a part of their own
[80] personal history. But this personal history
is always a part of the wider history of
the community in which they live. It is
often the case that not only is the
language of importance to the individual’s
[85] sense of identity, but that it also plays a
part in the cultural identity of a group or
nation. It is within this context that the
history of English – and especially the
reasons behind its global spread – can be
[90] of great significance for the attitudes
people have towards the language.
    Decisions about the language
made by institutions such as national
governments and education systems
[95] have an impact on the form of the
language and on the way it is perceived
and used. In contexts such as these,
English cannot simply be considered a
neutral medium of communication;
[100] instead it is a politically charged social
practice embedded in the histories of the
people who use it.
    The English language is and
always has been a diverse entity. It has
[105] changed dramatically over the centuries
since it first arrived on the shores of
Britain from the north of Europe, and
these changes mean that the language
that was spoken at that time is almost
[110] incomprehensible to us now. As the
language has spread beyond Britain it
has continued to change, and to change
in different ways in different contexts. It
has diversified to such an extent that
[115] some scholars suggest that it is no longer
accurate to talk of a single ‘English’; that
instead there are many different English
languages around the world today.
    At the same time, however,
[120] English exists in the world today as a
means of international communication –

as a way for people from different social
groups to communicate with each other –
and to fulfil this function it would seem
[125] that variation in the language needs to
be curtailed to a certain extent. That is to
say, if the language becomes too diverse
it will not remain mutually
comprehensible across different social
[130] groups. So we have two impulses at work
that are seemingly incompatible, or
perhaps even in conflict, and the question
we are faced with is how to render them
as consistent, as both being part of the
[135] existence of a single entity we call
‘English’. This is one of the central issues
in English language studies today – and it
is a very modern issue because it has
come about as a direct result of the
[140] unprecedented position that English now
occupies in the world: as a language with
global scope which is implicated in the
history and present-day existence of
societies all around the world.

Adapted from: https://www.open.edu/

In terms of tense, the underlined verbs in the sentences “Other loanwords, however, have become completely naturalized” (lines 38-40) and “English has, over its lifetime, absorbed influences from countless sources” (lines 43-45) are respectively in the

T E X T

 

English in the World Today

 

    The English language has changed
considerably over the last thousand or so
years. It has changed in terms of its lexis
(vocabulary), its orthography (spelling)
[5] and its semantics (meaning). And it has
also changed in terms of its syntax (word
order).
    One of the reasons for the change
that has happened to English over the
[10] centuries is that, since its very
beginnings, English has always been in
contact with other languages. The
influence from this contact can be seen
most clearly in the way that English is full
[15] of what are known as loanwords. The
term loanword, or borrowing, is used to
refer to an item of vocabulary from one
language which has been adopted into
the vocabulary of another. The process is
[20] often the result of language contact,
where two or more languages exist in
close geographical or social proximity.
The dominant language often absorbs
new items of vocabulary, either to cover
[25] concepts for which it has no specific word
of its own, or to generate a slightly
different function or nuance for concepts
for which it does have existing words.
    Some loanwords retain their
[30] 'foreign’ appearance when they are
adopted, and people will often then use
them specifically for the sense of
exoticism that they impart. One can talk
of a certain je ne sais quoi, for example,
[35] or of a joie de vivre when speaking
English – in both cases invoking images
of French culture to enhance the meaning
of what is being communicated. Other
loanwords, however, have become
[40] completely naturalized, until speakers of
the language no longer notice their
‘foreignness’ at all.
    English has, over its lifetime,
absorbed influences from countless
[45] sources – and so just as English is now a
presence in diverse contexts all across
the globe, so diverse contexts from
across the globe also have a presence in
the language itself.
[50]     The history of English can
therefore be seen as a record of the
changes that have occurred in the
populations of those who speak the
language. When two languages come into
[55] contact, what actually happens is that
two communities who speak different
languages engage with each other, and 

the nature of that engagement will
determine how the languages influence
[60] one another. In other words, it is
important when we study English not to
forget that what we are actually studying
is the language as it is and was used by
real people.
[65]     There is a problem in talking about
statistics such as those which say that
English is spoken by almost two billion
people the world over because they make
large generalizations about the nature of
[70] the English involved, and the relationship
that people have to the language. Such
statistics can never fully represent the
diversity of experiences that speakers of
the language have, either about whether
[75] they feel they are ‘authentic’ English
speakers or about what they themselves
understand English to be.
    The attitudes people have towards
the language are a part of their own
[80] personal history. But this personal history
is always a part of the wider history of
the community in which they live. It is
often the case that not only is the
language of importance to the individual’s
[85] sense of identity, but that it also plays a
part in the cultural identity of a group or
nation. It is within this context that the
history of English – and especially the
reasons behind its global spread – can be
[90] of great significance for the attitudes
people have towards the language.
    Decisions about the language
made by institutions such as national
governments and education systems
[95] have an impact on the form of the
language and on the way it is perceived
and used. In contexts such as these,
English cannot simply be considered a
neutral medium of communication;
[100] instead it is a politically charged social
practice embedded in the histories of the
people who use it.
    The English language is and
always has been a diverse entity. It has
[105] changed dramatically over the centuries
since it first arrived on the shores of
Britain from the north of Europe, and
these changes mean that the language
that was spoken at that time is almost
[110] incomprehensible to us now. As the
language has spread beyond Britain it
has continued to change, and to change
in different ways in different contexts. It
has diversified to such an extent that
[115] some scholars suggest that it is no longer
accurate to talk of a single ‘English’; that
instead there are many different English
languages around the world today.
    At the same time, however,
[120] English exists in the world today as a
means of international communication –

as a way for people from different social
groups to communicate with each other –
and to fulfil this function it would seem
[125] that variation in the language needs to
be curtailed to a certain extent. That is to
say, if the language becomes too diverse
it will not remain mutually
comprehensible across different social
[130] groups. So we have two impulses at work
that are seemingly incompatible, or
perhaps even in conflict, and the question
we are faced with is how to render them
as consistent, as both being part of the
[135] existence of a single entity we call
‘English’. This is one of the central issues
in English language studies today – and it
is a very modern issue because it has
come about as a direct result of the
[140] unprecedented position that English now
occupies in the world: as a language with
global scope which is implicated in the
history and present-day existence of
societies all around the world.

Adapted from: https://www.open.edu/

In terms of voice, the underlined verbs in the sentence “The term loanword, or borrowing, is used to refer to an item of vocabulary from one language which has been adopted into the vocabulary of another.” (lines 15-19) are respectively in the