Questões de Inglês

TEXTO:

Staying Healthy

    Food, of course, is a necessary ingredient for
good health. But is it more than that? Can eating the
right foods in the right combination actually prevent
disease? In the past few years, research on the
[5] subject has exploded. Scientists have started to identify
what may be hundreds — even thousands — of natural
chemicals in foods that seem to have preventive

powers. These aren’t just vitamins and minerals
but a whole new bouquet of strange-sounding
[10] compounds — starting with the latest nutritional
superstars, the phytochemicals.
    [...] That clove of garlic in your refrigerator? That
jar of nuts in your pantry? Used correctly, they
may have the power to prevent all kinds of serious
[15] ailments, including heart disease, diabetes and even
cancer. [...]
     A word of warning: you can find many of these
compounds in dietary supplements, but they might
not do any good. “Food is very complex,” says JoAnn
[20] Manson, chief of preventive medicine at Harvard’s
Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “It may be the
combination of antioxidants, phytochemicals and fiber
that work together to confer health benefits.”
     Fortunately, nature has given us a handy rule
[25] of thumb. Many of the very chemicals that make
foods good for us are the ones that give them
color, turning blueberries blue, spinach green and
carrots deep orange. For optimum health, scientists
say, eat a rainbow of colors. [...]

HOROWITZ, M. Janice. In: Time. Latin American Edition. New York. v. 159, n. 3. p. 39. s.d.

“pantry” (l. 13) − a very small room in a house where food
is kept.
“ailments” (l. 15) − illnesses that are not very serious.
“rule of thumb” (l. 24-25) − a rough method of calculation, based on
practical experience.

TEXTO:

Music may someday help repair the brain

    The music that makes the foot tap, the fingers
snap, and the pulse quicken stirs the brain at its most
fundamental levels, suggesting that scientists one day
may be able to retune damaged minds by exploiting
[5] rhythm, harmony, and melody, according to new
research. “Undeniably, there is a biology of music,”
said Harvard University Medical School neurobiologist
Mark Tramo. “Music is biologically part of human life,
just as music is esthetically part of human life.”

[10]     Researchers found that the brain:
     • Responds directly to harmony. Neuroscientists
discovered that different parts of the brain involved in
emotion are activated depending on whether the music
is pleasant or unpleasant. 

[15]     • Interprets written music in an area on the brain’s
right side. That region corresponds to an area on the
opposite side of the brain known to handle written
words and letters. So, researchers uncovered an
anatomical link between music and language.
[20]     • Grows in response to musical training. In a
study of classically trained musicians, researchers
discovered that male musicians have significantly
larger brains than men who have not had extensive
musical training.
[25]     Overall, music seems to involve the brain at
almost every level, and researchers are already
looking for ways to harness the power of music
to change the brain. Preliminary research also
suggests that music may play some role in enhancing
[30] intelligence. Indeed, so seductive is the possibility that
music can boost a child’s IQ that some politicians are
lobbying for schoolchildren to be exposed regularly to
Mozart sonatas, although such research has yet to be
confirmed.
[35]     The scientists said the new research could help
the clinical practice of neurology, including cognitive
rehabilitation. As a therapeutic tool, for example, some
doctors already use music to help rehabilitate stroke
patients. Surprisingly, some stroke patients who have

[40] lost their ability to speak retain their ability to sing,
and that opens an avenue for therapists to retrain the
brain’s speech centers.

RICHARDS, J.; SANDY, C. Passages: an upper-level multi-skills course. [New York], C.U.P. , s.d. p. 36.

TEXTO:

Music may someday help repair the brain

    The music that makes the foot tap, the fingers
snap, and the pulse quicken stirs the brain at its most
fundamental levels, suggesting that scientists one day
may be able to retune damaged minds by exploiting
[5] rhythm, harmony, and melody, according to new
research. “Undeniably, there is a biology of music,”
said Harvard University Medical School neurobiologist
Mark Tramo. “Music is biologically part of human life,
just as music is esthetically part of human life.”

[10]     Researchers found that the brain:
     • Responds directly to harmony. Neuroscientists
discovered that different parts of the brain involved in
emotion are activated depending on whether the music
is pleasant or unpleasant. 

[15]     • Interprets written music in an area on the brain’s
right side. That region corresponds to an area on the
opposite side of the brain known to handle written
words and letters. So, researchers uncovered an
anatomical link between music and language.
[20]     • Grows in response to musical training. In a
study of classically trained musicians, researchers
discovered that male musicians have significantly
larger brains than men who have not had extensive
musical training.
[25]     Overall, music seems to involve the brain at
almost every level, and researchers are already
looking for ways to harness the power of music
to change the brain. Preliminary research also
suggests that music may play some role in enhancing
[30] intelligence. Indeed, so seductive is the possibility that
music can boost a child’s IQ that some politicians are
lobbying for schoolchildren to be exposed regularly to
Mozart sonatas, although such research has yet to be
confirmed.
[35]     The scientists said the new research could help
the clinical practice of neurology, including cognitive
rehabilitation. As a therapeutic tool, for example, some
doctors already use music to help rehabilitate stroke
patients. Surprisingly, some stroke patients who have

[40] lost their ability to speak retain their ability to sing,
and that opens an avenue for therapists to retrain the
brain’s speech centers.

RICHARDS, J.; SANDY, C. Passages: an upper-level multi-skills course. [New York], C.U.P. , s.d. p. 36.

TEXTO:

Music may someday help repair the brain

    The music that makes the foot tap, the fingers
snap, and the pulse quicken stirs the brain at its most
fundamental levels, suggesting that scientists one day
may be able to retune damaged minds by exploiting
[5] rhythm, harmony, and melody, according to new
research. “Undeniably, there is a biology of music,”
said Harvard University Medical School neurobiologist
Mark Tramo. “Music is biologically part of human life,
just as music is esthetically part of human life.”

[10]     Researchers found that the brain:
     • Responds directly to harmony. Neuroscientists
discovered that different parts of the brain involved in
emotion are activated depending on whether the music
is pleasant or unpleasant. 

[15]     • Interprets written music in an area on the brain’s
right side. That region corresponds to an area on the
opposite side of the brain known to handle written
words and letters. So, researchers uncovered an
anatomical link between music and language.
[20]     • Grows in response to musical training. In a
study of classically trained musicians, researchers
discovered that male musicians have significantly
larger brains than men who have not had extensive
musical training.
[25]     Overall, music seems to involve the brain at
almost every level, and researchers are already
looking for ways to harness the power of music
to change the brain. Preliminary research also
suggests that music may play some role in enhancing
[30] intelligence. Indeed, so seductive is the possibility that
music can boost a child’s IQ that some politicians are
lobbying for schoolchildren to be exposed regularly to
Mozart sonatas, although such research has yet to be
confirmed.
[35]     The scientists said the new research could help
the clinical practice of neurology, including cognitive
rehabilitation. As a therapeutic tool, for example, some
doctors already use music to help rehabilitate stroke
patients. Surprisingly, some stroke patients who have

[40] lost their ability to speak retain their ability to sing,
and that opens an avenue for therapists to retrain the
brain’s speech centers.

RICHARDS, J.; SANDY, C. Passages: an upper-level multi-skills course. [New York], C.U.P. , s.d. p. 36.

TEXTO:

Music may someday help repair the brain

    The music that makes the foot tap, the fingers
snap, and the pulse quicken stirs the brain at its most
fundamental levels, suggesting that scientists one day
may be able to retune damaged minds by exploiting
[5] rhythm, harmony, and melody, according to new
research. “Undeniably, there is a biology of music,”
said Harvard University Medical School neurobiologist
Mark Tramo. “Music is biologically part of human life,
just as music is esthetically part of human life.”

[10]     Researchers found that the brain:
     • Responds directly to harmony. Neuroscientists
discovered that different parts of the brain involved in
emotion are activated depending on whether the music
is pleasant or unpleasant. 

[15]     • Interprets written music in an area on the brain’s
right side. That region corresponds to an area on the
opposite side of the brain known to handle written
words and letters. So, researchers uncovered an
anatomical link between music and language.
[20]     • Grows in response to musical training. In a
study of classically trained musicians, researchers
discovered that male musicians have significantly
larger brains than men who have not had extensive
musical training.
[25]     Overall, music seems to involve the brain at
almost every level, and researchers are already
looking for ways to harness the power of music
to change the brain. Preliminary research also
suggests that music may play some role in enhancing
[30] intelligence. Indeed, so seductive is the possibility that
music can boost a child’s IQ that some politicians are
lobbying for schoolchildren to be exposed regularly to
Mozart sonatas, although such research has yet to be
confirmed.
[35]     The scientists said the new research could help
the clinical practice of neurology, including cognitive
rehabilitation. As a therapeutic tool, for example, some
doctors already use music to help rehabilitate stroke
patients. Surprisingly, some stroke patients who have

[40] lost their ability to speak retain their ability to sing,
and that opens an avenue for therapists to retrain the
brain’s speech centers.

RICHARDS, J.; SANDY, C. Passages: an upper-level multi-skills course. [New York], C.U.P. , s.d. p. 36.

Text 

UK patient 'free' of HIV after stem cell treatment

5 March 2019

By BBC Online Health Editor, Michelle Roberts

A UK patient's HIV has become "undetectable" following a stem cell transplant - in only the second case of its kind,
doctors report in Nature.

The London patient, under a cancer treatment, has now been in remission from HIV for 18 months and is no longer taking HIV
drugs. The researchers say it is too early to say the patient is "cured" of HIV. Experts say the approach is not practical for
[05]  treating most people with HIV but may one day help find a cure.
The male London patient, who has not been named, was diagnosed with HIV in 2003 and advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma in
2012. He had chemotherapy to treat the Hodgkin's cancer and, in addition, stem cells were implanted into the patient from a
donor resistant to HIV, leading to both his cancer and HIV going into remission. Researchers from University College London,
Imperial College London, Cambridge and Oxford Universities were all involved in the case.

[10] 'Not an anomaly'

This is the second time a patient treated this way has ended up in remission from HIV. Ten years ago, another patient in Berlin
received a bone-marrow transplant from a donor with natural immunity to the virus. Timothy Brown, said to be the first person
to "beat" HIV/Aids, was given two transplants and total body irradiation (radiotherapy) for leukaemia - a much more aggressive
treatment. "By achieving remission in a second patient using a similar approach, we have shown that the Berlin patient was not
[15] an anomaly and that it really was the treatment approaches that eliminated HIV in these two people," said lead study author
Prof Ravindra Gupta, from UCL.

Hope of a cure?

____________the finding is exciting, it is not offering up a new treatment for the millions of people around the world living with
HIV. The aggressive therapy was primarily used to treat the patient's cancer, not his HIV.
[20] Current HIV therapies are really effective, meaning people with the virus can live long and healthy lives. But the reason this
case is so significant is that it could help experts who are looking for new ways to tackle HIV and achieve a cure. Understanding
how the body can naturally resist the infection does offer up hope of this, even if it is still a long way off.
Prof Eduardo Olavarria, also involved in the research, from Imperial College London, said the success of stem cell
transplantation offered hope that new strategies could be developed to tackle the virus. But he added: "The treatment is not
[25] appropriate as a standard HIV treatment because of the toxicity of chemotherapy, which in this case was required to treat the
lymphoma."

How does it work?

CCR5 is the most commonly used receptor by HIV-1 - the virus strain of HIV that dominates around the world - to enter cells.
But a very small number of people who are resistant to HIV have two mutated copies of the CCR5 receptor. This means the
[30] virus cannot penetrate cells in the body that it normally infects.

The London patient received stem cells from a donor with this mutation, which made him resistant to HIV as well. But a reservoir
of cells carrying HIV can still remain in the body, in a resting state, for many years. The UK researchers say it may be possible
to use gene therapy to target the CCR5 receptor in people with HIV, now they know the Berlin patient's recovery was not a
one-off.

[35] Prof Graham Cooke, National Institute for Health Research research professor and reader in infectious diseases from Imperial
College London, said the results were "encouraging". "If we can understand better why the procedure works in some patients
and not others, we will be closer to our ultimate goal of curing HIV. "At the moment the procedure still carries too much risk to
be used in patients who are otherwise well."

'Potentially significant'

[40] Dr Andrew Freedman, reader in infectious diseases and honorary consultant physician at Cardiff University, said it was an
"interesting and potentially significant report". But he said much longer follow-up would be needed to ensure the virus did not
re-emerge at a later stage. "___________ this type of treatment is clearly not practical to treat the millions of people around the
world living with HIV, reports such as these may help in the ultimate development of a cure for HIV."
In the meantime, he said the focus needed to be on diagnosing HIV promptly and starting patients on lifelong combination
[45] antiretroviral therapy (cART). This can prevent the virus being transmitted to others and give people with HIV a near-normal life
expectancy.

(Retrieved and adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-47421855. Access on April 2nd, 2019)