Questões de Inglês

Leia o TEXTO a fim de responder às questão.

 

TEXTO

 

Social Media Use in 2018

(By Aaron Smith and Monica Anderson)

 

A majority of Americans use Facebook and YouTube, but young adults are especially heavy users of Snapchat and
Instagram.

    Facebook and YouTube dominate this landscape, as notable majorities of U.S. adults use each of these sites.
At the same time, younger Americans (especially those ages 18 to 24) stand out for embracing a variety of platforms
[5] and using them frequently. Some 78% of 18- to 24-year-olds use Snapchat, and a sizeable majority of hese users
(71%) visit the platform multiple times per day. Similarly, 71% of Americans in this age group now use Instagram and
close to half (45%) are Twitter users.
    As has been the case since the Center began surveying about the use of different social media in 2012,
Facebook remains the primary platform for most Americans. Roughly two-thirds of U.S. adults (68%) now report that
[10] they are Facebook users, and roughly three-quarters of those users access Facebook on a daily basis. With the

exception of those 65 and older, a majority of Americans across a wide range of demographic groups now use
Facebook. But the social media story extends well beyond Facebook.
    The video-sharing site YouTube – which contains many social elements, even if it is not a traditional social
media platform – is now used by nearly three-quarters of U.S. adults and 94% of 18- to 24-year-olds.
[15]    The Center has asked about the use of five of these platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn and
Pinterest) in several previous surveys of technology use. And for the most part, the share of Americans who use
each of these services is similar to what the Center found in its previous survey of social media use conducted in
April 2016. The most notable exception is Instagram: 35% of U.S. adults now say they use this platform, an increase
of seven percentage points from the 28% who said they did in 2016.
[20]    These findings also highlight the public‘s sometimes conflicting attitudes toward social media. For example, the
share of social media users who say these platforms would be hard to give up has increased by 12 percentage points
compared with a survey conducted in early 2014. But by the same token, a majority of users (59%) say it
would not be hard to stop using these sites, including 29% who say it would not be hard at all to give up social
media.

(Disponível em:http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/. Acesso em: 10/09/2018.)

De acordo com os dados apresentados no TEXTO, marque a alternativa INCORRETA.

     If we truly believe in values that we can all identify with and aspire to – a recognition of truth, an understanding of science, an appreciation of the self, a respect for life and a faith in society – then we need to eliminate obstacles to understanding, uphold the fundamental definition of humanity, affirm the shared value of human lives and other lives, and acknowledge the symbiotic interdependency of human beings and the environment. A belief in ourselves and a belief in others, a trust in humanitarianism’s power to do good, and an earnest recognition of the value of life – these form the foundation for all human values and all human efforts.

(Source: https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2019/jan/01/human-dignity-danger-ai-weiwei. Access on: 7 jan. 2019.)

 

     The relationship between men and the environment is conflicting and more exploratory than sustainable. Based on the text, review the statements in the following items:

 

I - The value of human life is understood as superior to the value of other life forms that inhabit the planet.

II - There is a harmonious and cooperative relationship between human beings and the environment that needs to be recognized.

 

     Considering the propositions I and II, mark the one that correctly describes its contents:

      Read the following text:

 

    History shows that a moral failure is always accompanied by painful realities, visible everywhere. The global refugee crisis is worsening daily, and 70 million refugees have been forced to leave their homes by war and poverty. Our living environment is constantly being degraded, and the ecological balance is ever more fragile. Armed conflicts persist and potential political crises lurk; regional instabilities grow more acute; autocratic regimes brutally impose their will, while democratic governance is in decline. Unreasoning and unrestrained expansion under a nationalist, capitalist order is exacerbating the global gap between rich and poor. Our views of the world have become more divided and more conflicted than ever.

(Source: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/ jan/01/human-dignity-danger-ai-weiwei. Access on: 7 jan. 2019.)

 

      Like in Portuguese, there are different rules for the plural forms in the English language.

 

     Mark the option that indicates how many words in the text are in the plural form and obey the same rule applicable to the word history

     Read the following text about bioeconomy:

 

     Bioeconomy is Europe’s response to key environmental challenges the world is facing already today. It is meant to reduce the dependence on natural resources, transform manufacturing, promote sustainable production of renewable resources from land, fisheries and aquaculture and their conversion into food, feed, fiber, bio-based products and bio-energy, while growing new jobs and industries.

(Source: https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/ h2020-section/bioeconomy. Access on: 24 Jan. 2019.)

 

Choose the correct alternative according to the text:

Responda a questão de acordo com o texto abaixo

 

The drugs don’t work: what happens after antibiotics?

 

Antibiotic resistance is growing so fast that routine surgery could soon become impossible. But scientists are fighting back in the battle against infection

1- The first antibiotic that didn’t work for Debbi Forsythe was trimethoprim. In March 2016, Forsythe, a genial primary care counsellor from Morpeth, Northumberland, contracted a urinary tract infection. UTIs are common: more than 150 million people worldwide contract one every year. So when Forsythe saw her GP, they prescribed the usual treatment: a three-day course of antibiotics. When, a few weeks later, she fainted and started passing blood, she saw her GP again, who again prescribed trimethoprim.

2- Three days after that, Forsythe’s husband Pete came home to find his wife lying on the sofa, shaking, unable to call for help. He rushed her to A&E. She was put on a second antibiotic, gentamicin, and treated for sepsis, a complication of the infection that can be fatal if not treated quickly. The gentamicin didn’t work either. Doctors sent Forsythe’s blood for testing, but such tests can take days: bacteria must be grown in cultures, then tested against multiple antibiotics to find a suitable treatment. Five days after she was admitted to hospital, Forsythe was diagnosed with an infection of multi-drug-resistant E coli, and given ertapenem, one of the so-called “last resort” antibiotics.

3- It worked. But damage from Forsythe’s episode has lingered and she lives in constant fear of an infection reoccurring. Six months after her collapse, she developed another UTI, resulting, again, in a hospital stay. “I’ve had to accept that I will no longer get back to where I was,” she says. “My daughter and son said they felt like they lost their mum, because I wasn’t who I used to be.” But Forsythe was fortunate. Sepsis currently kills more people in the UK than lung cancer, and the number is growing, as more of us develop infections immune to antibiotics.

4- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the process of bacteria (and yeasts and viruses) evolving defense mechanisms against the drugs we use to treat them – is progressing so quickly that the UN has called it a “global health emergency”. At least 2 million Americans contract drug-resistant infections every year. So-called “superbugs” spread rapidly, in part because some bacteria are able to borrow resistance genes from neighbouring species via a process called horizontal gene transfer. In 2013, researchers in China discovered E coli containing mcr-1, a gene resistant to colistin, a last-line antibiotic that, until recently, was considered too toxic for human use. Colistin-resistant infections have now been detected in at least 30 countries.

5- “In India and Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, and countries in South America, the resistance problem is already endemic,” says Colin Garner, CEO of Antibiotic Research UK. In May 2016, the UK government’s Review on Antimicrobial Resistance forecast that by 2050 antibiotic-resistant infections could kill 10 million people per year – more than all cancers combined.

6- “We have a good chance of getting to a point where for a lot of people there are no [effective] antibiotics,” Daniel Berman, leader of the Global Health team at Nesta, told me. The threat is difficult to imagine. A world without antibiotics means returning to a time without organ transplants, without hip replacements, without many now-routine surgeries. It would mean millions more women dying in childbirth; make many cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, impossible; and make even the smallest wound potentially lifethreatening. As Berman told me: “Those of us who are following this closely are actually quite scared.”

7- Bacteria are everywhere: in our bodies, in the air, in the soil, coating every surface in their sextillions. Many bacteria produce antibiotic compounds – exactly how many, we don’t know – probably as weapons in a microscopic battle for resources between different strains of bacteria that has been going on for billions of years. Because bacteria reproduce so quickly, they are able to evolve with astonishing speed. Introduce bacteria to a sufficiently weak concentration of an antibiotic and resistance can emerge within days. Penicillin resistance was first documented in 1940, a year before its first use in humans. (A common misconception is that people can become antibioticresistant. They don’t – the bacteria do.)

Oliver Franklin-Wallis Sun 24 Mar 2019 In: https://www.theguardian.com/global/2019/mar/24/ the-drugs-dont-work-what-happens-after-antibiotics

Assinale a alternativa que NÃO é mencionada no texto:

Responda a questão de acordo com o texto abaixo

 

The drugs don’t work: what happens after antibiotics?

 

Antibiotic resistance is growing so fast that routine surgery could soon become impossible. But scientists are fighting back in the battle against infection

1- The first antibiotic that didn’t work for Debbi Forsythe was trimethoprim. In March 2016, Forsythe, a genial primary care counsellor from Morpeth, Northumberland, contracted a urinary tract infection. UTIs are common: more than 150 million people worldwide contract one every year. So when Forsythe saw her GP, they prescribed the usual treatment: a three-day course of antibiotics. When, a few weeks later, she fainted and started passing blood, she saw her GP again, who again prescribed trimethoprim.

2- Three days after that, Forsythe’s husband Pete came home to find his wife lying on the sofa, shaking, unable to call for help. He rushed her to A&E. She was put on a second antibiotic, gentamicin, and treated for sepsis, a complication of the infection that can be fatal if not treated quickly. The gentamicin didn’t work either. Doctors sent Forsythe’s blood for testing, but such tests can take days: bacteria must be grown in cultures, then tested against multiple antibiotics to find a suitable treatment. Five days after she was admitted to hospital, Forsythe was diagnosed with an infection of multi-drug-resistant E coli, and given ertapenem, one of the so-called “last resort” antibiotics.

3- It worked. But damage from Forsythe’s episode has lingered and she lives in constant fear of an infection reoccurring. Six months after her collapse, she developed another UTI, resulting, again, in a hospital stay. “I’ve had to accept that I will no longer get back to where I was,” she says. “My daughter and son said they felt like they lost their mum, because I wasn’t who I used to be.” But Forsythe was fortunate. Sepsis currently kills more people in the UK than lung cancer, and the number is growing, as more of us develop infections immune to antibiotics.

4- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the process of bacteria (and yeasts and viruses) evolving defense mechanisms against the drugs we use to treat them – is progressing so quickly that the UN has called it a “global health emergency”. At least 2 million Americans contract drug-resistant infections every year. So-called “superbugs” spread rapidly, in part because some bacteria are able to borrow resistance genes from neighbouring species via a process called horizontal gene transfer. In 2013, researchers in China discovered E coli containing mcr-1, a gene resistant to colistin, a last-line antibiotic that, until recently, was considered too toxic for human use. Colistin-resistant infections have now been detected in at least 30 countries.

5- “In India and Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, and countries in South America, the resistance problem is already endemic,” says Colin Garner, CEO of Antibiotic Research UK. In May 2016, the UK government’s Review on Antimicrobial Resistance forecast that by 2050 antibiotic-resistant infections could kill 10 million people per year – more than all cancers combined.

6- “We have a good chance of getting to a point where for a lot of people there are no [effective] antibiotics,” Daniel Berman, leader of the Global Health team at Nesta, told me. The threat is difficult to imagine. A world without antibiotics means returning to a time without organ transplants, without hip replacements, without many now-routine surgeries. It would mean millions more women dying in childbirth; make many cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, impossible; and make even the smallest wound potentially lifethreatening. As Berman told me: “Those of us who are following this closely are actually quite scared.”

7- Bacteria are everywhere: in our bodies, in the air, in the soil, coating every surface in their sextillions. Many bacteria produce antibiotic compounds – exactly how many, we don’t know – probably as weapons in a microscopic battle for resources between different strains of bacteria that has been going on for billions of years. Because bacteria reproduce so quickly, they are able to evolve with astonishing speed. Introduce bacteria to a sufficiently weak concentration of an antibiotic and resistance can emerge within days. Penicillin resistance was first documented in 1940, a year before its first use in humans. (A common misconception is that people can become antibioticresistant. They don’t – the bacteria do.)

Oliver Franklin-Wallis Sun 24 Mar 2019 In: https://www.theguardian.com/global/2019/mar/24/ the-drugs-dont-work-what-happens-after-antibiotics

According to the first paragraph, in the sentence “When, a few weeks later, she fainted and started passing blood, she saw her GP again, who again prescribed trimethoprim”, the fragment passing blood means