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Reasons why plastic bags should be banned

    Plastic bags are everywhere in our environment. When we go to purchase our groceries, we use plastic bags because they are convenient. In fact, in our modern lives, they have become part of us. However, the convenience of these plastic bags come at a very high cost to the environment and negatively affect human health. Several cities globally have begun banning the use of plastic bags while some have enforced restricted laws against the use of plastic bags because of the negative effects of their usage.

    Besides, the use of plastic bags is considered as one of the 11 issues that humans are facing in their contemporary life. Countries such as China have banned the use of plastics. Bangladesh and India have only banned the use and sale of polyethylene bags which basically have thickness of less than 50 microns.

    Plastic bags do not only pollute our water but also our land. Plastic bags are usually lightweight and, as such, they can travel very long distances by either water or wind. Wind blows these plastic bags and trashes a whole area. These litters get caught up in between trees, fences and float in water bodies, then moving to the world’s oceans.

(www.conserve-energy-future.com. Adaptado.

Assinale a alternativa que preenche a lacuna numerada no segundo parágrafo.

TEXTO

Mum Knows Best: Homemade Soup May Fight Malaria

    PARIS — Some soups may be good for more
than just the soul.
    A new study suggests that certain homemade
broths — made from chicken, beef or even just
[5] vegetables — might have properties that can help fight
malaria.
    Researcher Jake Baum of Imperial College
London asked children from diverse cultural
backgrounds at state-funded Eden Primary School
[10] to bring in homemade clear soup broth from recipes
that had been passed down across generations to
treat fever.
    The samples were filtered and incubated with
cultures of Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite that
[15] accounts for an estimated 99.7% of malaria cases
in Africa, according to the World Health Organization
(WHO).
    Of 56 soup samples tested, five were more than
50% effective in curbing growth of the parasite, two
[20] with similar success as one drug currently used to
treat malaria, Baum and his team reported Tuesday
in the Archives of Disease in Childhood.
    Four other soups were more than 50% effective
at blocking parasites from maturing to be able to infect
[25] mosquitoes, which transmit the disease.
    "When we started getting soups that worked —
in the lab under very restricted conditions, I should
add — we were really happy and excited," Baum told
AFP in an email.
[30]    But he noted that it was unclear which ingredients
had the antimalarial properties.
    "If we were serious about going back and finding
the magic ingredient, like good scientists, we'd have
to do it in a very standardized way," he said.
[35]    The soups came from families from diverse ethnic
backgrounds, including Europe, North Africa and the
Middle East, and had a variety of base ingredients,
including chicken, beef, beetroot and cabbage.
    Much to the pleasure of the vegetarians involved
[40] in the study, Baum noted, the veggie-only soups
showed similar results to the meat-based ones.
    Baum said he had wanted to teach children the
process through which scientific research can turn an
herbal remedy into a synthetically produced medicine.
[45]    He pointed to the success of Professor Dr. Tu
Youyou of China, who in the 1970s was instrumental
in isolating and extracting an antimalarial substance
from quinhao, an herb used in Eastern medicine to
treat fever for some two thousand years.
[50]    This research led to the synthetic production of
artemisinin — a drug now widely used to treat malaria
— and won Tu the Nobel Prize in 2015.
    Emerging resistance to drugs treating the disease
— which kills some 400,000 people a year — means
[55] scientists have to "look beyond the chemistry shelf for
new drugs,” Baum noted in a press release.
    "The lesson from me was more that there may
well be golden recipes out there in the world for
disease that remain untapped."

In "If we were serious about going back and finding the magic ingredient, like good scientists, we'd have to do it in a very standardized way" (l. 32-33), "it" is related to

TEXTO

Mum Knows Best: Homemade Soup May Fight Malaria

    PARIS — Some soups may be good for more
than just the soul.
    A new study suggests that certain homemade
broths — made from chicken, beef or even just
[5] vegetables — might have properties that can help fight
malaria.
    Researcher Jake Baum of Imperial College
London asked children from diverse cultural
backgrounds at state-funded Eden Primary School
[10] to bring in homemade clear soup broth from recipes
that had been passed down across generations to
treat fever.
    The samples were filtered and incubated with
cultures of Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite that
[15] accounts for an estimated 99.7% of malaria cases
in Africa, according to the World Health Organization
(WHO).
    Of 56 soup samples tested, five were more than
50% effective in curbing growth of the parasite, two
[20] with similar success as one drug currently used to
treat malaria, Baum and his team reported Tuesday
in the Archives of Disease in Childhood.
    Four other soups were more than 50% effective
at blocking parasites from maturing to be able to infect
[25] mosquitoes, which transmit the disease.
    "When we started getting soups that worked —
in the lab under very restricted conditions, I should
add — we were really happy and excited," Baum told
AFP in an email.
[30]    But he noted that it was unclear which ingredients
had the antimalarial properties.
    "If we were serious about going back and finding
the magic ingredient, like good scientists, we'd have
to do it in a very standardized way," he said.
[35]    The soups came from families from diverse ethnic
backgrounds, including Europe, North Africa and the
Middle East, and had a variety of base ingredients,
including chicken, beef, beetroot and cabbage.
    Much to the pleasure of the vegetarians involved
[40] in the study, Baum noted, the veggie-only soups
showed similar results to the meat-based ones.
    Baum said he had wanted to teach children the
process through which scientific research can turn an
herbal remedy into a synthetically produced medicine.
[45]    He pointed to the success of Professor Dr. Tu
Youyou of China, who in the 1970s was instrumental
in isolating and extracting an antimalarial substance
from quinhao, an herb used in Eastern medicine to
treat fever for some two thousand years.
[50]    This research led to the synthetic production of
artemisinin — a drug now widely used to treat malaria
— and won Tu the Nobel Prize in 2015.
    Emerging resistance to drugs treating the disease
— which kills some 400,000 people a year — means
[55] scientists have to "look beyond the chemistry shelf for
new drugs,” Baum noted in a press release.
    "The lesson from me was more that there may
well be golden recipes out there in the world for
disease that remain untapped."

According to the research

TEXTO

Mum Knows Best: Homemade Soup May Fight Malaria

    PARIS — Some soups may be good for more
than just the soul.
    A new study suggests that certain homemade
broths — made from chicken, beef or even just
[5] vegetables — might have properties that can help fight
malaria.
    Researcher Jake Baum of Imperial College
London asked children from diverse cultural
backgrounds at state-funded Eden Primary School
[10] to bring in homemade clear soup broth from recipes
that had been passed down across generations to
treat fever.
    The samples were filtered and incubated with
cultures of Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite that
[15] accounts for an estimated 99.7% of malaria cases
in Africa, according to the World Health Organization
(WHO).
    Of 56 soup samples tested, five were more than
50% effective in curbing growth of the parasite, two
[20] with similar success as one drug currently used to
treat malaria, Baum and his team reported Tuesday
in the Archives of Disease in Childhood.
    Four other soups were more than 50% effective
at blocking parasites from maturing to be able to infect
[25] mosquitoes, which transmit the disease.
    "When we started getting soups that worked —
in the lab under very restricted conditions, I should
add — we were really happy and excited," Baum told
AFP in an email.
[30]    But he noted that it was unclear which ingredients
had the antimalarial properties.
    "If we were serious about going back and finding
the magic ingredient, like good scientists, we'd have
to do it in a very standardized way," he said.
[35]    The soups came from families from diverse ethnic
backgrounds, including Europe, North Africa and the
Middle East, and had a variety of base ingredients,
including chicken, beef, beetroot and cabbage.
    Much to the pleasure of the vegetarians involved
[40] in the study, Baum noted, the veggie-only soups
showed similar results to the meat-based ones.
    Baum said he had wanted to teach children the
process through which scientific research can turn an
herbal remedy into a synthetically produced medicine.
[45]    He pointed to the success of Professor Dr. Tu
Youyou of China, who in the 1970s was instrumental
in isolating and extracting an antimalarial substance
from quinhao, an herb used in Eastern medicine to
treat fever for some two thousand years.
[50]    This research led to the synthetic production of
artemisinin — a drug now widely used to treat malaria
— and won Tu the Nobel Prize in 2015.
    Emerging resistance to drugs treating the disease
— which kills some 400,000 people a year — means
[55] scientists have to "look beyond the chemistry shelf for
new drugs,” Baum noted in a press release.
    "The lesson from me was more that there may
well be golden recipes out there in the world for
disease that remain untapped."

In "Much to the pleasure of the vegetarians involved in the study, Baum noted, the veggie-only soups showed similar results to the meat-based ones." (l. 39-41) the author means that

Considerando-se os elementos de escritura e forma da língua inglesa, constata-se que

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

Artificial intelligence and the future of medicine

Washington University researchers are working to develop artificial intelligence (AI) systems for health care, which have the potential to transform the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, helping to ensure that patients get the right treatment at the right time.
In health care, artificial intelligence relies on the power of computers to sift through and make sense of reams of electronic data about patients—such as their ages, medical histories, health status, test results, medical images, DNA sequences, and many other sources of health information. AI excels at the complex identification of patterns in these reams of data, and it can do this at a scale and speed beyond human capacity. The hope is that this technology can be harnessed to help doctors and patients make better health-care decisions.

Where are the first places we will start to see AI entering medical practice?
One of the first applications of AI in patient care that we currently see is in imaging, to help improve the diagnosis of cancer or heart problems, for example. There are many types of imaging tests —X-rays, CT scans, MRIs and echocardiograms. But the underlying commonality in all those imaging methods is huge amounts of high-quality data. For AI to work well, it's best to have very complete data sets—no missing numbers, so to speak—and digital images provide that. Plus, the human eye is often blind to some of the patterns that could be present in these images—subtle changes in breast tissue over several years of mammograms, for example. There has been some interesting work done in recognizing early patterns of cancer or early patterns of heart failure that even a highly trained physician would not see.
In many ways, we already have very simple forms of AI in the clinic now. We've had tools for a long time that identify abnormal rhythms in an EKG, for example. An abnormal heartbeat pattern triggers an alert to draw a clinician's attention. This is a computer trying to replicate a human being understanding that data and saying, "This doesn't look normal, you may need to address this problem." Now, we have the capacity to analyze much larger and more complex sources of data, such as the entire electronic health record and perhaps even data pulled from daily life, as more people track their sleep patterns or pulse rates with wearable devices, for example.

What effect will this have on how doctors practice medicine?
It's important to emphasize that these tools are never going to replace clinicians. These technologies will provide assistance, helping care providers see important signals in massive amounts of data that would otherwise remain hidden. But at the same time, there are levels of understanding that computers still can't and may never replicate.
To take a treatment recommendation from an AI, even an excellent recommendation, and decide if it's right for the patient is inherently a human decision-making process. What are the patient's preferences? What are the patient's values? What does this mean for the patient's life and for his or her family? That's never going to be an AI function. As these AI systems slowly emerge, we may start to see the roles of physicians changing—in my opinion, in better ways. Doctors' roles may shift from being data collectors and analyzers to being interpreters and councilors for patients as they try to navigate their health.
Right now, the challenges we need to address as we try to bring AI into medical practice include improving the quality of the data that we feed into AI systems, developing ways to evaluate whether an AI system is actually better than standard of care, ensuring patient privacy and making sure not only that AI doesn't disrupt clinical work flow but in fact improves it. But if doctors do their jobs right and build these systems well, much of what we have described will become so ingrained in the system, people won't even refer to it separately as informatics or AI. It will just be medicine.

Disponível em: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-12-artificial-intelligence-future-medicine.html. Acesso em: 02 maio 2019.

De acordo com o texto, em termos de sentido, verifica-se que o trecho