Questões de Inglês

Texto para a pergunta.

 

DRIVING IN MONGOLIA

 

    The soft hum of the Toyota Prius is to the streets of Ulaanbaatar what the screech [chiado, guincho] of brakes and honk of horns is to New York: omnipresent. Beloved of eco-warriors worldwide, the Japanese car dominates the streets of Mongolia’s capital. If you stand on the corner of Sukhbaatar Square in the city center, a good half of the passenger vehicles you see sailing past are Priuses. Dozens of garages [oficinas] work only with them. According to UN trade data and The Economist’s estimates, some 60% of Mongolia’s car imports last year [2017] were hybrids.

    They are popular in Mongolia, as elsewhere, because hybrid engines are efficient and fuel costs low. The cars themselves are also cheap: according to the UB Post, a local newspaper, you can purchase a used Prius for as little as $2,000. That is partly because most Mongolian ones are second-hand imports from Japan, where passenger vehicles more than three years old must undergo expensive safety tests. Rather than pay for those, many Japanese drivers buy a new car. (That is the point of the tests, some say: to boost [apoiar, fortelecer] domestic car manufacturers.) In 2017, Japan exported 30,000 hybrid vehicles to Mongolia.

    In addition, the government has exempted hybrids from various taxes, in an attempt to clear the air in Ulaanbaatar. The city is one of the most polluted in the world in winter because of the widespread [generalizado] use of coal for heating and power generation. Hybrid vehicles enter the country duty-free and, unlike most cars, are exempt from an air-pollution tax.

    But the clincher [fator decisivo] is the Prius’s reliability. Ulaanbaatar may be the chilliest capital in the world. On a winter morning drivers must sometimes start their cars in temperatures below –30 degrees Celsius. Cars that run on gasoline and diesel tend to sputter [falhar] and die at such temperatures. The Prius can use its battery to power its electrical engine until the car warms up enough for the gasoline engine to run smoothly – saving many a Mongolian from freezing frustration.

Adapted from The Economist, December 22, 2018.

Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?

Texto para a pergunta.

 

“ SAID TO BE” [“PROVAVELMENTE É”]

BY

STEPHANIE CAREY

 

    Founded in Brooklyn in 1838, the park-like Green-Wood Cemetery was one of the first examples of America’s Rural Cemetery Movement. Decade after decade, clerks carefully recorded each of the dead who passed through its spired gates [portões góticos pontiagudos]. Name, age, address, and cause of death were transcribed in flowing script, year after year, through the Civil War, Gilded Age, and finally, the First World War (the so-called Great War). I’m a volunteer archivist at Green-Wood, with a career in public health. Those entries are more than a list to me. The burial log [registro de enterros] is a treasure trove [valiosa coleção] of epidemiological data that tell the stories of life and death in the metropolitan area.

    In the nineteenth century, many of the burials were of children, the entries [anotações] in the ledgers representing grief and loss from diseases unheard of today. Then, young people stopped dying. Improvements in public health – safe drinking water, pure milk, and improved sanitation – were responsible. Child deaths in New York City fell by one-third in the first decade of the twentieth century, and continued falling. By 1917, the burial log began to tell a new story. The very face of death had changed – to an old face.

    That made what happened in the fall of 1918 all the more staggering [chocante]. The deadly “second wave” of Spanish influenza struck the city in mid- September. First dozens, then hundreds, then thousands of cases per day were reported. The disease hit young adults in the prime of life, such as the soldiers gathered at nearby camps, particularly hard. Hospitals were swiftly overwhelmed [inundados]. Some 150 field hospitals [hospitais de campanha] were established by the Board of Health throughout the city, in any place that could be found to set up rows of cots [camas portáteis], but especially in the tenements [cortiços].

    At its peak in mid-October, almost a thousand people were dying each day of influenza, lobar pneumonia (which could kill a healthy person in a day), or bacterial pneumonia (which destroyed flu-damaged lungs). Whether the burial log said “influenza” or “pneumonia,” all were casualties from the same pernicious virus.

    The burial log shows dozens of burials per day – typically people in their twenties or younger. Mildred Sturmpolis, pregnant at eighteen, dies of flu with her unborn baby. Edgar Nystrom, a twenty-year-old Swedish immigrant who came to New York City to find his fortune, is instead buried in a borrowed grave. The funeral of Millie Cuming, newly wed to a prosperous businessman, is held on Armistice Day, three weeks before her thirtieth birthday.

    Then, a series of notations hints at a deeper horror. Said to be Anna Kennedy. Said to be James Seward. Those dying at the field hospitals were removed swiftly to make room for the next victims. Others were dying at home amid family members too ill to get out of bed and attend to the niceties [formalidades] of death. Said to be… there was no one, no time, to positively identify the dead. Gatherings [aglomerações] at wakes [velórios] or funerals were discouraged, to prevent further spread of this plague. Graveside services [cerimônias religiosas na sepultura] were perfunctory.

    Over 20,000 New Yorkers died of Spanish flu in two months – part of the estimated half-million Americans who died in the epidemic. By Armistice Day, November 11, 1918, officials declared the epidemic over, yet people continued to die of the disease for two more years.

    When will the next deadly flu pandemic emerge? Will it be avian flu? Swine flu? There is a worldwide network of epidemiologists racing to anticipate it. It is the stuff of nightmares for public health people like me, as we try to prepare.

Adapted from Natural History, September 2017.

The author of the article most likely believes which of the following?

Texto para a pergunta.

 

“ SAID TO BE” [“PROVAVELMENTE É”]

BY

STEPHANIE CAREY

 

    Founded in Brooklyn in 1838, the park-like Green-Wood Cemetery was one of the first examples of America’s Rural Cemetery Movement. Decade after decade, clerks carefully recorded each of the dead who passed through its spired gates [portões góticos pontiagudos]. Name, age, address, and cause of death were transcribed in flowing script, year after year, through the Civil War, Gilded Age, and finally, the First World War (the so-called Great War). I’m a volunteer archivist at Green-Wood, with a career in public health. Those entries are more than a list to me. The burial log [registro de enterros] is a treasure trove [valiosa coleção] of epidemiological data that tell the stories of life and death in the metropolitan area.

    In the nineteenth century, many of the burials were of children, the entries [anotações] in the ledgers representing grief and loss from diseases unheard of today. Then, young people stopped dying. Improvements in public health – safe drinking water, pure milk, and improved sanitation – were responsible. Child deaths in New York City fell by one-third in the first decade of the twentieth century, and continued falling. By 1917, the burial log began to tell a new story. The very face of death had changed – to an old face.

    That made what happened in the fall of 1918 all the more staggering [chocante]. The deadly “second wave” of Spanish influenza struck the city in mid- September. First dozens, then hundreds, then thousands of cases per day were reported. The disease hit young adults in the prime of life, such as the soldiers gathered at nearby camps, particularly hard. Hospitals were swiftly overwhelmed [inundados]. Some 150 field hospitals [hospitais de campanha] were established by the Board of Health throughout the city, in any place that could be found to set up rows of cots [camas portáteis], but especially in the tenements [cortiços].

    At its peak in mid-October, almost a thousand people were dying each day of influenza, lobar pneumonia (which could kill a healthy person in a day), or bacterial pneumonia (which destroyed flu-damaged lungs). Whether the burial log said “influenza” or “pneumonia,” all were casualties from the same pernicious virus.

    The burial log shows dozens of burials per day – typically people in their twenties or younger. Mildred Sturmpolis, pregnant at eighteen, dies of flu with her unborn baby. Edgar Nystrom, a twenty-year-old Swedish immigrant who came to New York City to find his fortune, is instead buried in a borrowed grave. The funeral of Millie Cuming, newly wed to a prosperous businessman, is held on Armistice Day, three weeks before her thirtieth birthday.

    Then, a series of notations hints at a deeper horror. Said to be Anna Kennedy. Said to be James Seward. Those dying at the field hospitals were removed swiftly to make room for the next victims. Others were dying at home amid family members too ill to get out of bed and attend to the niceties [formalidades] of death. Said to be… there was no one, no time, to positively identify the dead. Gatherings [aglomerações] at wakes [velórios] or funerals were discouraged, to prevent further spread of this plague. Graveside services [cerimônias religiosas na sepultura] were perfunctory.

    Over 20,000 New Yorkers died of Spanish flu in two months – part of the estimated half-million Americans who died in the epidemic. By Armistice Day, November 11, 1918, officials declared the epidemic over, yet people continued to die of the disease for two more years.

    When will the next deadly flu pandemic emerge? Will it be avian flu? Swine flu? There is a worldwide network of epidemiologists racing to anticipate it. It is the stuff of nightmares for public health people like me, as we try to prepare.

Adapted from Natural History, September 2017.

The “deeper horror” mentioned in paragraph 6 is most likely connected to all of the following except

Ever Given crew fear joining ranks of seafarers stranded on ships for

 

“For two years Mohammad Aisha has been the lone resident of an abandoned container ship marooned off Egypt in Golf of Suez. If he needs to charge his phone, get drinking water or buy food, he has to row to shore, although he can only stay for two hours at most as the area is a restricted military zone. According to one doctor who examined him, the malnourished sailor has started to exhibit similar symptoms to prisioners held in poor conditions.”

(Adapted from https://www.the guardian.com>19)

 

Mark the correct option about the text.

IMO Action Plan to address marine plastic litter from ships
 

    IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) in 2018 adopted the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Action Plan to address marine plastic litter from ships, which aims to enhance existing regulations and introduce new supporting measures to reduce marine plastic litter from ships.
What is marine litter?

    Plastic materials in all shapes and sizes are omnipresent in our seas and oceans. They break down extremely slowly in the marine environment, taking in excess of 400 vyears. Marine litter originates from many sources and causes a wide spectrum of environmental, economic, safety, health and cultural impacts. For example, marine litter can cause harm to sea life 1f ingested or even death if a marine mammal becomes entangled in litter.

    Marine litter has been defined by UN Environment (United Nations Environment) as “any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment. Marie htter consists of items that have been made or used by people and deliberately discarded into the sea or rivers or on beaches; brought indirectly to the sea with nvers, sewage, storm water or winds; accidentally lost, including material lost at sea im bad weather (fishing gear, cargo); or deliberately left by people on beaches and shores.”

    Marine litter, including plastics and microplastics, is known to result from land-based sources in massive quantities but can also originate from ships. Debris particles have been observed in coastal areas, in waters far from anthropogenic pollution sources, in surface waters, in the water column of deep water and in ocean sediments, and from the equator to the poles, including trapped in sea ice.

    UN Environment estimates that 15% of marine  litter floats on the sea's surface, 15% remains m the water column and 70% rests on the seabed.

    According to another study, 5.25 million plastic particles, weighing 268,940 tonnes in total, are currently floating in the world”s oceans.

What problems does marine hitter cause?
    In addition to the environmental and health problems posed by marine litter, floating garbage and plastics pose a costly as well as dangerous problem for shipping, as they can be a navigational hazard and become entangled in propellers and rudders.

    Another problem requiring urgent remedial action 1s the massive accumulation of plastics, not only in coastal areas but also in the deep sea.

    This litter is harmful to marine life: sea creatures can become trapped inside containers or strangled by nets or ropes, and microplastics can also enter the food chain as they are indigestible when swallowed.

(Adapted from https://www.imo.org)

In which statement is the word well an adjective?

IMO Action Plan to address marine plastic litter from ships
 

    IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) in 2018 adopted the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Action Plan to address marine plastic litter from ships, which aims to enhance existing regulations and introduce new supporting measures to reduce marine plastic litter from ships.
What is marine litter?

    Plastic materials in all shapes and sizes are omnipresent in our seas and oceans. They break down extremely slowly in the marine environment, taking in excess of 400 vyears. Marine litter originates from many sources and causes a wide spectrum of environmental, economic, safety, health and cultural impacts. For example, marine litter can cause harm to sea life 1f ingested or even death if a marine mammal becomes entangled in litter.

    Marine litter has been defined by UN Environment (United Nations Environment) as “any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment. Marie htter consists of items that have been made or used by people and deliberately discarded into the sea or rivers or on beaches; brought indirectly to the sea with nvers, sewage, storm water or winds; accidentally lost, including material lost at sea im bad weather (fishing gear, cargo); or deliberately left by people on beaches and shores.”

    Marine litter, including plastics and microplastics, is known to result from land-based sources in massive quantities but can also originate from ships. Debris particles have been observed in coastal areas, in waters far from anthropogenic pollution sources, in surface waters, in the water column of deep water and in ocean sediments, and from the equator to the poles, including trapped in sea ice.

    UN Environment estimates that 15% of marine  litter floats on the sea's surface, 15% remains m the water column and 70% rests on the seabed.

    According to another study, 5.25 million plastic particles, weighing 268,940 tonnes in total, are currently floating in the world”s oceans.

What problems does marine hitter cause?
    In addition to the environmental and health problems posed by marine litter, floating garbage and plastics pose a costly as well as dangerous problem for shipping, as they can be a navigational hazard and become entangled in propellers and rudders.

    Another problem requiring urgent remedial action 1s the massive accumulation of plastics, not only in coastal areas but also in the deep sea.

    This litter is harmful to marine life: sea creatures can become trapped inside containers or strangled by nets or ropes, and microplastics can also enter the food chain as they are indigestible when swallowed.

(Adapted from https://www.imo.org)

Which statement is NOT correct? .