Questões de Inglês

Texto

 

In food-rich Brazil, people go hungry as pandemic rages (Part III)

 

    Because of the swelling ranks of the new poor, city officials now give out 10,000 free meals a day, an increase of one-third. In Rio, too, "The issue of food is one of extreme urgency,"said Bruno Dauaire, the secretary of social development and human rights in the state of Rio. "Not long ago we did not even talk about poverty and hunger in the city of Rio, and now we are confronting this issue,"said Dauaire.

    NGOs try to make up for governments that are struggling financially and overwhelmed by the pandemic, but they are faced with much lower donations. "Those who help are helping less,"said Claudia Carletto, secretary of human rights and citizen issues in Sao Paulo. The Red Cross of Sao Paulo, which hands out 2,000 food baskets a day, says the cash donations it receives are down 99 percent. "People need more help and for longer stretches of time,"said Bruno Semino, head of that branch of the Red Cross. The lack of donations, he said, "has a major impact on our operations."

    In 2020, Accion de la Ciudadania used to distribute 80, 000 to 100, 000 food baskets a month all over Brazil. This year, it is down to 8, 000 to 10, 000. "We operate where the government is absent,"said Afonso of Accion Ciudadana. "Unfortunately, in recent years the government is absent from many places."

From: shorturl.at/wJKRZ. Accessed on 04/17/2021

Acerca das doações de comida, é incorreto afirmar:

Texto

 

In food-rich Brazil, people go hungry as pandemic rages (Part III)

 

    Because of the swelling ranks of the new poor, city officials now give out 10,000 free meals a day, an increase of one-third. In Rio, too, "The issue of food is one of extreme urgency,"said Bruno Dauaire, the secretary of social development and human rights in the state of Rio. "Not long ago we did not even talk about poverty and hunger in the city of Rio, and now we are confronting this issue,"said Dauaire.

    NGOs try to make up for governments that are struggling financially and overwhelmed by the pandemic, but they are faced with much lower donations. "Those who help are helping less,"said Claudia Carletto, secretary of human rights and citizen issues in Sao Paulo. The Red Cross of Sao Paulo, which hands out 2,000 food baskets a day, says the cash donations it receives are down 99 percent. "People need more help and for longer stretches of time,"said Bruno Semino, head of that branch of the Red Cross. The lack of donations, he said, "has a major impact on our operations."

    In 2020, Accion de la Ciudadania used to distribute 80, 000 to 100, 000 food baskets a month all over Brazil. This year, it is down to 8, 000 to 10, 000. "We operate where the government is absent,"said Afonso of Accion Ciudadana. "Unfortunately, in recent years the government is absent from many places."

From: shorturl.at/wJKRZ. Accessed on 04/17/2021

Sobre a distribuição de refeições na cidade do Rio de Janeiro é correto afirmar que:

In food-rich Brazil, people go hungry as pandemic rages (Part II)

 

    The pandemic is accentuating a trend seen in the last six years in Latin America’s largest economy, which is one of the world’s major food suppliers. In mid-2020, the director of the World Food Program’s Brazil office, Daniel Balaban, warned that Brazil was moving quickly toward returning to the world hunger map, which it left in 2014. Countries figure on that list when more than 5% of their population live in extreme poverty.

    The World Bank said then that 5.4 million more Brazilians would fall into that category in 2020, for a total of 14.7 million. The total population is 212 million. "This is clearly the scariest moment we have been through in the fight against hunger,"said Rodrigo Afonso, director of an NGO called Accion Ciudadana.

    Afonso said that when the organization was founded in 1993 to combat hunger, the problem was concentrated in the north and northeast of the sprawling country. "Today, anywhere you go you will find huge numbers of families that cannot feed themselves,"said Afonso, and "things are getting worse."

    A poll in November by the Getulio Vargas Foundation found that nearly a third of those surveyed suffered from food insecurity. The government of right-wing president Jair Bolsonaro, who has downplayed the pandemic, started paying a third of the population about 600 reals a month starting in April of last year. The aid was cut to 300 reals in October and eliminated in January. That money was a big help, but the neediest people in Brazil have now been without it for three months in an economy with the highest unemployment rate in nearly a decade – 13.5 percent as of the end of 2020 – steadily rising prices and the most devastating chapter yet of the pandemic.

From: shorturl.at/wJKRZ. Accessed on 04/17/2021

Sobre as falas de Rodrigo Afonso, é incorreto afirmar que

KENYA BLOCKS ENTRY FOR NON-RESIDENTS IN VIRUS RESPONSE

 

Africa now has 25 countries reporting coronavirus cases compared with just nine infections a week ago.

 

Kenya unveiled a series of strict measures to curb coronavirus on Sunday, blocking entry to the country to all except citizens and residents and shutting schools as the number of confirmed cases rose to three.

 

Health Minister Mutahi Kagwe announced two people who sat next to the first patient on the aeroplane as
she travelled back from the United States via London had tested positive. “As a result of this, we are going to
[5] implement the following measures: Only Kenyan citizens and foreigners with valid resident permits will be
allowed to come into the country provided they proceed on self-quarantine or in a government quarantine
facility,” President Uhuru Kenyatta said. Kenyatta added that this would come into effect in the next 48 hours
and would remain in place for 14 days. Every foreigner who has entered the country in the past 14 days has
been ordered to self-quarantine.

 

[10] In addition from Monday, all primary and secondary schools are to close, with boarding schools and
university to shut by the end of the week. All companies have been urged to allow employees to work from
home. Kenyatta also said citizens should avoid congregating in places of worship and shopping malls. “I
want to assure you that my administration is at the forefront of managing this pandemic,” he said.
 

After being relatively spared from the global pandemic that has killed more than 6,000 and infected nearly
[15] 160,000, Africa now has 25 countries reporting cases compared with nine a week ago.

 

Ethiopia, which like Kenya reported its first case on Friday, on Sunday said three contacts of its initial patient
had tested positive. “The three cases include two Japanese citizens aged 44 and 47, and the other one is
Ethiopian aged 42. All of them work in Addis Ababa and had close contact with the first confirmed case,”
the health ministry said in a Facebook post. Ethiopia, Africa’s second-most populous nation with more than
[20] 100 million people and a key hub into the continent, is one of few countries in the region to not implement
measures such as blocking travellers to block the spread. […]

 

Three days after the World Health Organization (WHO) described the outbreak as a pandemic, there
is concern among health specialists about the ability of some African nations to meet the logistical and
financial challenges posed by the fast-spreading virus. Borders are porous, and many nations have extremely
[25] poor health infrastructure. Some countries, like Somalia, are fighting rebellions while others, such as South
Sudan, have high levels of malnutrition. But governments are implementing preventive steps to try to keep
the virus at bay.

 

The United Nations said as of Friday, 39 countries had closed schools worldwide, affecting more than 420
million children and young people.

Adapted from Aljazeera. Available on aljazeera.com. Last acess: 15 Mar 2020.

In Kenya several measures have already been taken and others will be taken soon to control the conoravirus outbreak. When the text was written, one measure which had already been taken was the following:

Avoiding Food-Drug Interactions: A Proposal

By Susan Drier-Jonas

 

Abstract

The treating physician has a great responsibility when prescribing medication. He must be aware of any situations that might interfere with his prescription. He checks current medications in order to avoid drug-drug interactions. However, other factors that may affect the effectiveness or clearance of the prescription are often overlooked, including food-drug and supplement-drug interactions. Even the healthiest and most desirable foods, such as leafy greens or fiber, can affect the medication, leading to treatment failure. Physicians rarely ask patients about eating habits, and patients do not know to offer such information. I therefore propose the use of a food frequency questionnaire during the first visit to the doctor, in order to have a realistic basis for prescriptions and to allow physicians to advise patients about intake of various foods during treatment. In addition to opening communications between the physician and patient, this would result in more effective treatment strategies that have better adherence, since they would be adapted to the patient’s current lifestyle. Physicians would be able to offer more inclusive instructions when prescribing, increasing patient confidence and treatment outcomes.

(Adapted from https://clinmedjournals.org)

 

Segundo o texto,

Atenção: Para responder às questão, considere o texto abaixo.

 

Where are we letting our patients down?

By Rammya Mathew

October 20, 2020

 

    A recent consultation has stayed with me. In many respects it was a run of the mill general practice consultation, but it made me reflect on health inequalities and why the care we provide for people with low levels of health literacy can be woefully lacking.

    He was a patient with type 2 diabetes taking long term insulin, who had developed acute symptoms in the previous 24 hours. He had broken English, but he was able to communicate his history without too much difficulty, so I persevered without an interpreter. In response to some very direct questioning, it became apparent that he hadn’t had anything to eat or drink that morning, he hadn’t checked his blood sugar levels, and he hadn’t thought about adjusting his insulin dose. How was it feasible that a patient taking insulin for so many years had no idea about type 2 diabetes sick day rules? Could it really be that no one had ever taken the time to counsel him about this?

     I looked online for a patient information leaflet that might be of use, but I abandoned the idea quite quickly, as I was unsure whether he’d be able to read it − and even if he could, I was worried that the information might be too complex for him to follow. I decided that giving him the minimum information to avert a crisis was the best course of action. So, I encouraged him to drink more, to check his blood sugar every four hours, and to call a health professional if it was over a certain threshold. I was firefighting, and it didn’t feel good to be in that position.

    His lack of knowledge about type 2 diabetes sick day rules, however, probably reflected his overall understanding of the condition. It made me wonder where we’d let this man down. At diagnosis, was he enrolled onto a structured education programme? Even if he was, could he attend it around his shift work? And if so, was he able to take anything away from it, given his limited English?

    Patients with long term conditions such as type 2 diabetes are meant to have annual reviews with their GP or practice nurse. Was anything meaningful happening at these reviews, or was his medication just being continuously titrated up? A significant part of these reviews is meant to focus on helping patients to set goals and take control of the aspects of their health that matter most to them. But, if you don’t understand your condition and your role in managing it, you can very quickly become a passive spectator in managing your health, and well intentioned tasks such as goal setting just become yet another meaningless, tick box exercise.

    That single consultation and the patient journey behind it capture many of the gaps in our system, and they explain at least partly the stark health inequalities that have become so painfully visible in recent times. There’s a tendency to think that some patients can’t be helped, but the reality is that the system has let them down.

(Adapted from https://www.bmj.com)

Uma conclusão adequada para o texto é: We have to