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Questão 12 13177205
Difícil 00:00

UCS Verão 2023
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Vocabulary
  • Health Science and Technology
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Instrução: A questão referem-se ao texto abaixo.

 

Britain’s miraculous, life-saving Garden shed

by Simon Heptinstall

 

    An elegant period home hidden among trees next to the church in a quiet English village houses
a little-known medical museum. More than 200 years ago, this whitewashed Queen Anne building was
the home of a humble country doctor called Edward Jenner. This is where the science of vaccination
began. You can step into the garden shed where Edward Jenner gave the world's first vaccination to his
[5] gardener's eight-year-old son in 1796.
    Visitors will be able to see the candle-lit study behind the staircase where Jenner's scientific notes
and drawings scratched out with an ivory dip pen sit on his round baize-covered desk. This is where he
created the word “vaccine”. On the wall is a contemporary oil painting of Blossom the cow. She was so
central to his experiments that Jenner used vacca, the Latin for “cow”, to describe what he had discovered:
[10] vaccination. Blossom, a large brown Gloucester dairy cow, was the source of the original infection of
cowpox used to create the world’s first vaccines.
    The story is heroic in its simplicity. Village legend tells that Jenner was very concerned with local
smallpox outbreaks. It was one of the most dangerous viruses humans had faced, with a death rate of
around 30% and terrible permanent disfigurement of survivors. The churchyard alongside his garden
[15] houses graves of many contemporary victims.
    It is said that a milkmaid told Jenner she wasn't worried about catching smallpox – because she'd
already caught the much milder “cowpox” from her cows. Local milkmaids knew that once you had cowpox
you never got smallpox.
    At the time, the medical profession was wrestling with emerging theories of inoculation. This simply
[20] involved injecting a dose of an actual disease, like a modern chickenpox party – where parents bring their
toddlers together to deliberately pass the infection at an early age and confer immunity against later cases,
which can have much more serious consequences. The early inoculators simply gave the full disease to
patients when they were young and strong. They hopefully survived… and then would be immune.
    Jenner was inspired by the milkmaid's comments to devise a much better solution: a harmless but
[25] effective injection to confer immunity. He hypothesised that if he gave mild cowpox to people, it would
stimulate some sort of internal safety system to protect people against smallpox. In an era of blood-letting
leeches and purgatives of mercury, this was a revolutionary concept. No-one then knew about immune
systems. In many ways, Jenner was centuries ahead of his time.
    It is not known whether his first subject, James Phipps – the gardener's eight-year-old son – volunteered
[30] or even knew what he was in for, but Jenner didn't take his contribution lightly.
    The boy survived the process, was thereafter immune to the deadly disease circulating in the area and
proved a theory that has gone on to save millions. Jenner demonstrated the world's gratitude to James by
giving him a house. Visitors can walk down a leafy path from Jenner's home to see Phipps Cottage, now
a private home marked by a plaque in Church Lane.
[35]    In the corner of his own garden, Jenner playfully named the shed where he'd given James' injection
“The Temple of Vaccinia” and characterised himself as the “faithful priest of vaccination”. Somewhat
amazingly, this quirky structure of stone, bark and thatch survives. Perhaps it should become a shrine to
the millions that immunisation has saved from many diseases since, including smallpox (now completely
eradicated thanks to vaccines), and polio.
[40]    When word of Jenner's miraculous cure for smallpox spread, queues of poor farmworkers stretched
from the shed right into the churchyard. Jenner gave life-saving jabs for free, declaring it would be “immoral”
to profit from them.
    Spotting his flute, poetry books and drawings of cuckoos, visitors can't escape the impression that
Jenner, the eighth son of Berkeley's vicar, was an inquisitive, well-meaning and downright eccentric
[45] Georgian man. For example, he met his future wife when he accidentally crash-landed his hot air balloon
in her garden. He also secretly took a cutting from a grapevine belonging to Capability Brown, a famous
18th-Century English gardener and landscape architect, at Hampton Court to plant in his greenhouse,
which is now completely filled by the flourishing vine.
   Somewhat predictably, Jenner was ridiculed by wealthy London medical “experts” who couldn't believe
[50] a rural doctor had made such a major medical breakthrough. Contemporary satirical cartoons showed
injected people turning into cows. The world's first anti-vaxxers protested against the new science.
    It took a while for the establishment to realise the significance of his work. Parliament eventually
erected Jenner's statue in Trafalgar Square in 1858 – but after anti-vaxxing protests, it was moved to the
more secluded Kensington Gardens four years later.
[55]    Once the world started realising how important Jenner's invention was, the praise began to roll in.

Although he never seemed to have profited from the vaccine, perhaps he valued some of the comments
more than any riches. Then US president Thomas Jefferson wrote directly to Jenner from America in 1806
saying that “mankind can never forget that you have lived”, and the museum dedicated to his life and work
is the place that ensures that never happens.

Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220213-britains-miraculous-life-saving-garden-shed. Acesso em: 11 ago. 2022. (Parcial e adaptado.)

Conforme o texto, é correto afirmar que Edward Jenner

Vídeos associados (6) Ver comentários

Questão 5 12415353
Difícil 00:00

UFMS 1ª ETAPA - Manhã (PASSE) (FAPEC) 2023-2025
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Read the text and answer question.

A boy, a mole, a fox and a horse: the recipe for a Christmas best-seller.

When he sat down to draw a boy talking to a horse, the illustrator Charlie Mackesy was working out his own feelings. But his drawing of a horse confessing the bravest thing he's ever said was "Help" became an online sensation. The book that image inspired is now topping charts on both sides of the Atlantic, with Mackesy's publisher printing hundreds of thousands of copies to meet demand.

Mackesy, who has been a cartoonist for the Spectator and a book illustrator for Oxford University Press, says the straightforward, heartfelt conversations between the characters in The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse were drawn from "conversations I've had with my friends about what life really means, what's important; it was a way for me to think aloud on paper with words and drawings."

The first, featuring the horse and the boy, stemmed from "a conversation I had with my friend Bear [Grylls] about what courage really looked like" and "the bravest thing we'd ever done". While Grylls may be "an emblem of courage", Mackesy continued, "the bravest thing I'd ever done was when I was struggling and had the courage to ask for help. So I drew it."

"I put that up on Instagram and forgot about it, and the next thing I knew was that hospitals and institutions had been using it, and the army had been using it for PTSD, it went crazy. I wasn't aware of it. Occasionally I'd get emails saying 'I hope you don't mind we used it in our therapy unit, it's helping people realise it's a brave thing to show weakness'."

(Source: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/09/ boy-mole-fox-horse-christmas-bestseller-charlie-mackesy. Accessed on: october 26, 2023)

 

"It's a quotable celebration of compassion and empathy that relays the everlasting power of friends."

(Randy Myers San Jose Mercury News)
 

"Everything seen seems extremely familiar, as the drawings are highly derivative of other children's books." (Michael Talbot-Haynes Film Threat) (Source:

htps://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_boy_the mole_thefox andthe horse Accessed on: october 26, 2023)

According to the reviews for “the boy, the mole, the fox and the horse”:

Ver comentários

Questão 4 12415352
Difícil 00:00

UFMS 1ª ETAPA - Manhã (PASSE) (FAPEC) 2023-2025
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Reading/Writing
  • Book cover
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Read the text and answer question.

A boy, a mole, a fox and a horse: the recipe for a Christmas best-seller.

When he sat down to draw a boy talking to a horse, the illustrator Charlie Mackesy was working out his own feelings. But his drawing of a horse confessing the bravest thing he's ever said was "Help" became an online sensation. The book that image inspired is now topping charts on both sides of the Atlantic, with Mackesy's publisher printing hundreds of thousands of copies to meet demand.

Mackesy, who has been a cartoonist for the Spectator and a book illustrator for Oxford University Press, says the straightforward, heartfelt conversations between the characters in The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse were drawn from "conversations I've had with my friends about what life really means, what's important; it was a way for me to think aloud on paper with words and drawings."

The first, featuring the horse and the boy, stemmed from "a conversation I had with my friend Bear [Grylls] about what courage really looked like" and "the bravest thing we'd ever done". While Grylls may be "an emblem of courage", Mackesy continued, "the bravest thing I'd ever done was when I was struggling and had the courage to ask for help. So I drew it."

"I put that up on Instagram and forgot about it, and the next thing I knew was that hospitals and institutions had been using it, and the army had been using it for PTSD, it went crazy. I wasn't aware of it. Occasionally I'd get emails saying 'I hope you don't mind we used it in our therapy unit, it's helping people realise it's a brave thing to show weakness'."

(Source: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/09/ boy-mole-fox-horse-christmas-bestseller-charlie-mackesy. Accessed on: october 26, 2023)

 

"It's a quotable celebration of compassion and empathy that relays the everlasting power of friends."

(Randy Myers San Jose Mercury News)
 

"Everything seen seems extremely familiar, as the drawings are highly derivative of other children's books." (Michael Talbot-Haynes Film Threat) (Source:

htps://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_boy_the mole_thefox andthe horse Accessed on: october 26, 2023)

According to the text, it is correct to affirm that:

Vídeos associados (6) Ver comentários

Questão 40 12370539
Difícil 00:00

UECE 2ª Fase 1º Dia 2023/1
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Pronouns
  • Personal
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

A Neurologist’s Tips to Protect Your Memory

 

    As we age, our memory declines. This is an
ingrained assumption for many of us; however,
according to neuroscientist Dr. Richard Restak, a
neurologist and clinical professor at George
[5] Washington Hospital University School of Medicine
and Health, decline is not inevitable.

    The author of more than 20 books on the mind,
Restak has decades’ worth of experience in guiding
patients with memory problems. “The Complete
[10] Guide to Memory: The Science of Strengthening Your
Mind,” Restak’s latest book, includes tools such as
mental exercises, sleep habits and diet that can help
boost memory.
    Yet, Restak ventures beyond this familiar
[15] territory, considering every facet of memory — how
memory is connected to creative thinking,
technology’s impact on memory, how memory
shapes identity. “The point of the book is to
overcome the everyday problems of memory,”
[20] Restak said. Especially working memory, which falls
between immediate recall and long-term memory,
and is tied to intelligence, concentration and
achievement. According to Restak, this is the most
critical type of memory, and exercises to strengthen
[25] it should be practiced daily. But bolstering all
memory skills, he added, is key to warding off later
memory issues. Memory decline is not inevitable
with aging, Restak argues in the book.
    Ultimately, “we are what we can remember,”
[30] he said. Here are some of Restak’s tips for developing
and maintaining a healthy memory.
    Pay more attention.
    Some memory lapses are actually attention
problems, not memory problems. For instance, if
[35] you’ve forgotten the name of someone you met at a
cocktail party, it could be because you were talking
with several people at the time and you didn’t
properly pay attention when you heard it.
    “Inattention is the biggest cause for memory
[40] difficulties,” Dr. Restak said. “It means you didn’t
properly encode the memory.” One way to pay
attention when you learn new information, like a
name, is to visualize the word. Having a picture
associated with the word, Restak said, can improve
[45] recall. For instance, he recently had to memorize the
name of a doctor, Dr. King, (an easy example, he
acknowledged). So, he pictured a male doctor “in a
white coat with a crown on his head and a scepter
instead of a stethoscope in his hand.”
[50]    Find regular everyday memory challenges.
    There are many memory exercises that you can
integrate into everyday life. Dr. Restak suggested
composing a grocery list and memorizing it. When
you get to the store, don’t automatically pull out
[55] your list (or your phone) — instead, pick up
everything according to your memory. “Try to see the
items in your mind,” he said, and only consult the list
at the end, if necessary. If you’re not going to the
store, try memorizing a recipe. He added that
[60] frequent cooking is actually a great way to improve
working memory.
    Once in a while, get in the car without turning
on your GPS, and try to navigate through the streets
from memory. A small 2020 study suggested that
[65] people who used a GPS more frequently over time
showed a steeper cognitive decline in spatial memory
three years later.

    Play games.
    Games like bridge and chess are great for
[70] memory, but so is a simpler game, said Dr. Restak.
For instance, Dr. Restak’s “favorite working memory
game” is Twenty Questions — in which a group (or a
single person) thinks of a person, place or object, and
the other person, the questioner, asks 20 questions
[75] with a yes or no answer. Because to succeed, he said,
the questioner must hold all of the previous answers
in memory in order to guess the correct answer.
    Another of Restak’s tried-and-true memory
exercises simply requires a pen and paper or audio
[80] recorder. First, recall all of the US presidents, starting
with Biden and going back to, say, Franklin Roosevelt,
writing or recording them. Then, do the same, from
F.D.R. to Biden. Next, name only the Democratic
presidents, and only the Republican ones. Last, name
[85] them in alphabetical order. If you prefer, try it with
players on your favorite sports team or your favorite
authors. The point is to engage your working
memory, “maintaining information and moving it
around in your mind,” Restak wrote.
[90]     Read more novels.
    One early indicator of memory issues,
according to Dr. Restak, is giving up on fiction.
“People, when they begin to have memory
difficulties, tend to switch to reading nonfiction,” he
[95] said.
    Over his decades of treating patients, Dr.
Restak has noticed that fiction requires active
engagement with the text, starting at the beginning
and working through to the end. “You have to
[100] remember what the character did on page 3, by the
time you get to page 11,” he said.
    Beware of technology.
    Among Dr. Restak’s new sins of memory, two
are associated with technology.
[105]     First is what he calls “technological distortion.”
Storing everything on your phone means that “you
don’t know it,” Dr. Restak said, which can erode our
own mental abilities. “Why bother to focus,
concentrate and apply effort to visualize something
[110] when a cellphone camera can do all the work for
you?” he wrote.
    The second way our relationship with
technology is detrimental for memory is because it
often takes our focus away from the task at hand. “In
[115] our day, the greatest impediment of memory is
distraction,” Dr. Restak wrote. Many of these tools
have been designed with the aim of addicting the
person using them. As a result, we are often
distracted by them. People today can check their
[120] email while streaming Netflix, talking with a friend or
walking down the street. All of this impedes our
ability to focus on the present moment, which is
critical for encoding memories.
    Determine whether there is cause for concern.
[125]    Throughout his career, Dr. Restak has been
asked by dozens of patients how they can improve
their memory. But not all memory lapses are
problematic. For instance — not remembering where

you parked your car in a crowded lot is pretty
[130] normal. Forgetting how you arrived at the parking lot
in the first place, however, indicates potential
memory issues.
    There is no simple solution to knowing what
should be of concern, Dr. Restak said — much of it is
[135] context-dependent. For instance, it’s normal to
forget the room number of your hotel, but not the
address of your apartment. If you’re concerned, it’s
best to consult with a medical expert.

Adapted from: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/06/

In "... if you've forgotten the name of someone you met at a cocktail party..." (lines 34-36), the tenses of the two verbs are, respectively

Vídeos associados (35) Ver comentários

Questão 39 12370526
Difícil 00:00

UECE 2ª Fase 1º Dia 2023/1
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Pronouns
  • Personal
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

A Neurologist’s Tips to Protect Your Memory

 

    As we age, our memory declines. This is an
ingrained assumption for many of us; however,
according to neuroscientist Dr. Richard Restak, a
neurologist and clinical professor at George
[5] Washington Hospital University School of Medicine
and Health, decline is not inevitable.

    The author of more than 20 books on the mind,
Restak has decades’ worth of experience in guiding
patients with memory problems. “The Complete
[10] Guide to Memory: The Science of Strengthening Your
Mind,” Restak’s latest book, includes tools such as
mental exercises, sleep habits and diet that can help
boost memory.
    Yet, Restak ventures beyond this familiar
[15] territory, considering every facet of memory — how
memory is connected to creative thinking,
technology’s impact on memory, how memory
shapes identity. “The point of the book is to
overcome the everyday problems of memory,”
[20] Restak said. Especially working memory, which falls
between immediate recall and long-term memory,
and is tied to intelligence, concentration and
achievement. According to Restak, this is the most
critical type of memory, and exercises to strengthen
[25] it should be practiced daily. But bolstering all
memory skills, he added, is key to warding off later
memory issues. Memory decline is not inevitable
with aging, Restak argues in the book.
    Ultimately, “we are what we can remember,”
[30] he said. Here are some of Restak’s tips for developing
and maintaining a healthy memory.
    Pay more attention.
    Some memory lapses are actually attention
problems, not memory problems. For instance, if
[35] you’ve forgotten the name of someone you met at a
cocktail party, it could be because you were talking
with several people at the time and you didn’t
properly pay attention when you heard it.
    “Inattention is the biggest cause for memory
[40] difficulties,” Dr. Restak said. “It means you didn’t
properly encode the memory.” One way to pay
attention when you learn new information, like a
name, is to visualize the word. Having a picture
associated with the word, Restak said, can improve
[45] recall. For instance, he recently had to memorize the
name of a doctor, Dr. King, (an easy example, he
acknowledged). So, he pictured a male doctor “in a
white coat with a crown on his head and a scepter
instead of a stethoscope in his hand.”
[50]    Find regular everyday memory challenges.
    There are many memory exercises that you can
integrate into everyday life. Dr. Restak suggested
composing a grocery list and memorizing it. When
you get to the store, don’t automatically pull out
[55] your list (or your phone) — instead, pick up
everything according to your memory. “Try to see the
items in your mind,” he said, and only consult the list
at the end, if necessary. If you’re not going to the
store, try memorizing a recipe. He added that
[60] frequent cooking is actually a great way to improve
working memory.
    Once in a while, get in the car without turning
on your GPS, and try to navigate through the streets
from memory. A small 2020 study suggested that
[65] people who used a GPS more frequently over time
showed a steeper cognitive decline in spatial memory
three years later.

    Play games.
    Games like bridge and chess are great for
[70] memory, but so is a simpler game, said Dr. Restak.
For instance, Dr. Restak’s “favorite working memory
game” is Twenty Questions — in which a group (or a
single person) thinks of a person, place or object, and
the other person, the questioner, asks 20 questions
[75] with a yes or no answer. Because to succeed, he said,
the questioner must hold all of the previous answers
in memory in order to guess the correct answer.
    Another of Restak’s tried-and-true memory
exercises simply requires a pen and paper or audio
[80] recorder. First, recall all of the US presidents, starting
with Biden and going back to, say, Franklin Roosevelt,
writing or recording them. Then, do the same, from
F.D.R. to Biden. Next, name only the Democratic
presidents, and only the Republican ones. Last, name
[85] them in alphabetical order. If you prefer, try it with
players on your favorite sports team or your favorite
authors. The point is to engage your working
memory, “maintaining information and moving it
around in your mind,” Restak wrote.
[90]     Read more novels.
    One early indicator of memory issues,
according to Dr. Restak, is giving up on fiction.
“People, when they begin to have memory
difficulties, tend to switch to reading nonfiction,” he
[95] said.
    Over his decades of treating patients, Dr.
Restak has noticed that fiction requires active
engagement with the text, starting at the beginning
and working through to the end. “You have to
[100] remember what the character did on page 3, by the
time you get to page 11,” he said.
    Beware of technology.
    Among Dr. Restak’s new sins of memory, two
are associated with technology.
[105]     First is what he calls “technological distortion.”
Storing everything on your phone means that “you
don’t know it,” Dr. Restak said, which can erode our
own mental abilities. “Why bother to focus,
concentrate and apply effort to visualize something
[110] when a cellphone camera can do all the work for
you?” he wrote.
    The second way our relationship with
technology is detrimental for memory is because it
often takes our focus away from the task at hand. “In
[115] our day, the greatest impediment of memory is
distraction,” Dr. Restak wrote. Many of these tools
have been designed with the aim of addicting the
person using them. As a result, we are often
distracted by them. People today can check their
[120] email while streaming Netflix, talking with a friend or
walking down the street. All of this impedes our
ability to focus on the present moment, which is
critical for encoding memories.
    Determine whether there is cause for concern.
[125]    Throughout his career, Dr. Restak has been
asked by dozens of patients how they can improve
their memory. But not all memory lapses are
problematic. For instance — not remembering where

you parked your car in a crowded lot is pretty
[130] normal. Forgetting how you arrived at the parking lot
in the first place, however, indicates potential
memory issues.
    There is no simple solution to knowing what
should be of concern, Dr. Restak said — much of it is
[135] context-dependent. For instance, it’s normal to
forget the room number of your hotel, but not the
address of your apartment. If you’re concerned, it’s
best to consult with a medical expert.

Adapted from: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/06/

The sentences "As we age, our memory declines" (line 01) and “Some memory lapses are actually attention problems, not memory problems.” (lines 33-34) are, respectively,

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Resolução comentada

A Neurologist’s Tips to Protect Your Memory

 

    As we age, our memory declines. This is an
ingrained assumption for many of us; however,
according to neuroscientist Dr. Richard Restak, a
neurologist and clinical professor at George
[5] Washington Hospital University School of Medicine
and Health, decline is not inevitable.

    The author of more than 20 books on the mind,
Restak has decades’ worth of experience in guiding
patients with memory problems. “The Complete
[10] Guide to Memory: The Science of Strengthening Your
Mind,” Restak’s latest book, includes tools such as
mental exercises, sleep habits and diet that can help
boost memory.
    Yet, Restak ventures beyond this familiar
[15] territory, considering every facet of memory — how
memory is connected to creative thinking,
technology’s impact on memory, how memory
shapes identity. “The point of the book is to
overcome the everyday problems of memory,”
[20] Restak said. Especially working memory, which falls
between immediate recall and long-term memory,
and is tied to intelligence, concentration and
achievement. According to Restak, this is the most
critical type of memory, and exercises to strengthen
[25] it should be practiced daily. But bolstering all
memory skills, he added, is key to warding off later
memory issues. Memory decline is not inevitable
with aging, Restak argues in the book.
    Ultimately, “we are what we can remember,”
[30] he said. Here are some of Restak’s tips for developing
and maintaining a healthy memory.
    Pay more attention.
    Some memory lapses are actually attention
problems, not memory problems. For instance, if
[35] you’ve forgotten the name of someone you met at a
cocktail party, it could be because you were talking
with several people at the time and you didn’t
properly pay attention when you heard it.
    “Inattention is the biggest cause for memory
[40] difficulties,” Dr. Restak said. “It means you didn’t
properly encode the memory.” One way to pay
attention when you learn new information, like a
name, is to visualize the word. Having a picture
associated with the word, Restak said, can improve
[45] recall. For instance, he recently had to memorize the
name of a doctor, Dr. King, (an easy example, he
acknowledged). So, he pictured a male doctor “in a
white coat with a crown on his head and a scepter
instead of a stethoscope in his hand.”
[50]    Find regular everyday memory challenges.
    There are many memory exercises that you can
integrate into everyday life. Dr. Restak suggested
composing a grocery list and memorizing it. When
you get to the store, don’t automatically pull out
[55] your list (or your phone) — instead, pick up
everything according to your memory. “Try to see the
items in your mind,” he said, and only consult the list
at the end, if necessary. If you’re not going to the
store, try memorizing a recipe. He added that
[60] frequent cooking is actually a great way to improve
working memory.
    Once in a while, get in the car without turning
on your GPS, and try to navigate through the streets
from memory. A small 2020 study suggested that
[65] people who used a GPS more frequently over time
showed a steeper cognitive decline in spatial memory
three years later.

    Play games.
    Games like bridge and chess are great for
[70] memory, but so is a simpler game, said Dr. Restak.
For instance, Dr. Restak’s “favorite working memory
game” is Twenty Questions — in which a group (or a
single person) thinks of a person, place or object, and
the other person, the questioner, asks 20 questions
[75] with a yes or no answer. Because to succeed, he said,
the questioner must hold all of the previous answers
in memory in order to guess the correct answer.
    Another of Restak’s tried-and-true memory
exercises simply requires a pen and paper or audio
[80] recorder. First, recall all of the US presidents, starting
with Biden and going back to, say, Franklin Roosevelt,
writing or recording them. Then, do the same, from
F.D.R. to Biden. Next, name only the Democratic
presidents, and only the Republican ones. Last, name
[85] them in alphabetical order. If you prefer, try it with
players on your favorite sports team or your favorite
authors. The point is to engage your working
memory, “maintaining information and moving it
around in your mind,” Restak wrote.
[90]     Read more novels.
    One early indicator of memory issues,
according to Dr. Restak, is giving up on fiction.
“People, when they begin to have memory
difficulties, tend to switch to reading nonfiction,” he
[95] said.
    Over his decades of treating patients, Dr.
Restak has noticed that fiction requires active
engagement with the text, starting at the beginning
and working through to the end. “You have to
[100] remember what the character did on page 3, by the
time you get to page 11,” he said.
    Beware of technology.
    Among Dr. Restak’s new sins of memory, two
are associated with technology.
[105]     First is what he calls “technological distortion.”
Storing everything on your phone means that “you
don’t know it,” Dr. Restak said, which can erode our
own mental abilities. “Why bother to focus,
concentrate and apply effort to visualize something
[110] when a cellphone camera can do all the work for
you?” he wrote.
    The second way our relationship with
technology is detrimental for memory is because it
often takes our focus away from the task at hand. “In
[115] our day, the greatest impediment of memory is
distraction,” Dr. Restak wrote. Many of these tools
have been designed with the aim of addicting the
person using them. As a result, we are often
distracted by them. People today can check their
[120] email while streaming Netflix, talking with a friend or
walking down the street. All of this impedes our
ability to focus on the present moment, which is
critical for encoding memories.
    Determine whether there is cause for concern.
[125]    Throughout his career, Dr. Restak has been
asked by dozens of patients how they can improve
their memory. But not all memory lapses are
problematic. For instance — not remembering where

you parked your car in a crowded lot is pretty
[130] normal. Forgetting how you arrived at the parking lot
in the first place, however, indicates potential
memory issues.
    There is no simple solution to knowing what
should be of concern, Dr. Restak said — much of it is
[135] context-dependent. For instance, it’s normal to
forget the room number of your hotel, but not the
address of your apartment. If you’re concerned, it’s
best to consult with a medical expert.

Adapted from: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/06/

In terms of voice of the verb, the clauses in the sentence “Throughout his career, Dr. Restak has been asked by dozens of patients how they can improve their memory.” (lines 125-127) are, respectively, in the

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