Questões de Inglês

 What is the American Dream?

 The “American Dream” is a sort of ethos or set of beliefs that drive many U.S. citizens as they work toward creating a life for themselves. This set of ideals – which includes notions of individual rights, freedom, democracy, and equality – is arguably centered around the belief that each individual has the right and freedom to seek prosperity and happiness, regardless of where or under what circumstances they were born.

 A key element of the American dream is the belief that through hard work and perseverance, anyone can rise “from rags to riches,” becoming financially successful and socially upwardly mobile.

 American writer and historian James Truslow Adams best captured the definition of the American Dream: “Life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement,” with neither social class nor the circumstances surrounding their birth being a barrier to success.

 The Origin of the American Dream

 The American Dream is rooted in the U.S. Declaration of Independence. That document, created by America’s founding fathers, says two key things that are largely responsible for shaping what the classic American Dream is. The declaration says that “all men are created equal” and that each man/woman has the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

 It’s important to note that the U.S. Constitution – the legal foundation that delineates how the government shall operate on a daily basis – reiterates this idea in its Preamble, noting that its purpose is to help “secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity.”

 The Many Versions of the American Dream

 Throughout the history of the U.S. – both before and after it became an independent nation – the American Dream has changed, going through a variety of forms and meanings while maintaining as its essence the core beliefs of freedom and happiness in place.

 In its earliest years, the dream was centered around the lure of westward expansion and frontier life within the U.S. In 1774, Virginia’s Governor, John Murray, said that most Americans were constantly imagining that “the Lands further off are still better than those upon which they are already settled.” He also noted the constant dissatisfaction and desire for even more and even better when he said, “If they attained Paradise, they would move on if they heard of a better place farther west.”

Disponível em: corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/american-dream/

 A few months ago, it felt as if most of Britain was lining up patiently on the streets of London to pay tribute to the Queen.

 On Monday, at the end of three days of state mourning for Pele, the man enshrined for many of us as the greatest footballer there has ever been, Brazil turned its eyes to Vila Belmiro, a stadium in the port city of Santos, and formed its own version of the Queue to pay tribute to its King. This queue was a beautiful thing. It was a football queue. It was a manifestation of the legacy of joy in the game that Pele created. People had come to mourn him and to attend what had been styled as a public wake for him ahead of his funeral on Tuesday, where a cortege will wind through the streets and past his mother's house before a private, family ceremony, but it felt as if they had come to celebrate everything that football means to them, too.

 […] The closest man Pele had to a spiritual heir in Brazilian football was Zico, who was the star of the 1982 team who spread so much joy in a new generation of fans and did their best to emulate the expressive, creative, joyful football of the 1970 team. So it felt apposite to speak to him about what Pele meant to the country.

 'Every player who comes into the Brazilian national team does it with a huge sense of responsibility,' Zico told me at his football school in Rio de Janeiro recently. 'Pele took this responsibility incredibly seriously and it could be mirrored by how he helped Brazil to be recognised throughout the world. Pele was very important to our national identity. He was an ambassador for us. [...]Pele was Brazil and Brazil was Pele.'

 That is what the people who queued up in the heat in the streets around Vila Belmiro were waiting to pay tribute to on Monday. They were paying tribute not just to the greatest football player there has ever been but to someone who became the country's cultural icon, someone whose joy in the game made people associate Brazil with beauty and happiness and success, too.

 Perhaps there was a greater outpouring of grief when the great Brazilian racing driver Ayrton Senna was killed at Imola in May 1994 than there was here when Pele died but that is partly because Senna was still a young man when he passed and Pele had been old and frail for some time. Senna was James Dean, forever young, whereas Pele had not kicked a football in a serious match for nearly half a century.

 Despite that, his legend has endured. And even as the world has acclaimed Lionel Messi for the crowning glory of winning the World Cup in Qatar with Argentina last month, so Pele's death has reminded us all that he won the trophy three times.

Disponível em: www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-11593053/This-queue-beautiful-manifestation legacy-joy-game-Pele-created.html – Oliver Holt

A questão deve ser respondida com base no Texto

TEXTO

What Parents Need to Know

Parents need to know that Bluey is an Australian preschool series about an anthropomorphic puppy with a big imagination and a joyous approach to life. All of the show's characters are dogs, with many different breeds represented in Bluey's family and acquaintances. Each episode shows Bluey and her sister, Bingo, engaged in creative, simple playtime with their parents or friends, often learning important social skills like taking turns and being patient. It's notable that Bluey's mom and dad are actively engaged with their kids, spending time doing things their daughters want to do when they're not working. Bluey can turn any situation into an exciting adventure. As she and her companions play, they learn to solve problems, compromise, show patience, and share as well.

This sweet series is sharply written and makes for a fun pick to watch along with kids.

Disponível em: https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/bluey - Acesso em: 18 set. 2022

Read Passage 1 carefully, and then answer the question.

PASSAGE 1

Biodiversity is collapsing as one million species teeter on the brink of extinction. We must end these relentless and senseless wars on nature.”

[1] UN Secretary-General António Guterres in his 
message on Mother Earth Day, 22 April 2023 . 
This month’s Goal of the Month editorial focuses 
on Goal 15, which is about protecting life on 
[5] land. It is to conserve and restore terrestrial 
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat 
desertification,  halt  and reverse land 
degradation and stop biodiversity loss. 

Why it matters

[10] Goal 15 matters because healthy ecosystems and 
the biological diversity they support are a source 
of food, water, medicine, shelter and other 
material goods. They also provide ecosystem 
services – the cleaning of air and water – which 
sustain life and increase resiliency. However, the 
[15] planet is experiencing a dangerous decline in 
nature because of human activity. The stakes 
could not be higher as one million plant and 
animal species are at risk of  extinction,  many 
within decades. …

SDG (Sustainable Development Goal) 15 by the Numbers

[20]    The world lost 100 million hectares of forest from 2000 to 2020. Agricultural expansion 
is the direct driver for almost 90% of global deforestation. 
    More than one in five species are now threatened with extinction. 
    Between 2015 and 2019, the world lost at least 100 million hectares of healthy and 
productive land every year, affecting food and water security globally. 

Available at: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/goal-of-the-month/. (Adapted). Acesso em 22 april , 2023.

Read Passage 1 carefully, and then answer the question.

PASSAGE 1

HOW TO INCORPORATE WORLD ENGLISHES IN THE CLASSROOM?

[1]    How to teach World Englishes? There is not a single definite answer to this question, as there is no “one 
size fits all” approach for incorporating the different varieties of English in the classroom. However, generally, 
teachers can take a World Englishes approach in their lessons by working to pluralize students’ perceptions. This 
can be accomplished, for example, by accepting cultural, rhetorical, and stylistic variations as well as by treating 
[5] students fairly when they use different English varieties in the classroom. Matsuda and Matsuda (2010) offer 
five principles that can guide teachers to incorporate World Englishes in a writing classroom: 

       • Teach the dominant language forms and functions. 
       • Teach the non-dominant language forms and functions. 
       • Teach the boundary between what works and what does not. 
[10] • Teach the principles and strategies of discourse negotiation. 
       • Teach the risks involved in using deviational features. 

    The other strategy Matsuda and Matsuda mention is teacher collaboration. This focuses on designing 
opportunities for students to interact in socially-diverse activities and reflect deeply on their communication 
experiences. It also requires teachers to identify key concepts students can use to make sense of the complex 
[15] communication experiences in their specific contexts.

Available at: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/english_as_a_second_language/world_englishes/classroom_applications_and_activities.html . Accessed on 18 July, 2022.

Text 03

Dear Coldplay, listen to Massive Attack and save yourselves from greenwashing

Lead singer Chris Martin, on their current Music of the Spheres tour. Photograph: Getty Images.

1 - Coldplay had a head full of dreams this week when they announced the details of a low-emission world tour driven by concerns for sustainability. Some of the green interventions are well-meaning, other are just gimmicks, such as a kinetic dance floor that generates electricity from the movement of fans. However, the detail of some of the proposed climate measures would appal even the mildly eco-minded.

2 - Perhaps worst of all is the partnership with Neste – a Finnish oil refining and marketing corporation that will provide the band with “sustainable aviation fuel” for flights and “renewable diesel” for tour transportation and stage power generation.

3 - Neste claims to be the world’s biggest biofuel company, processing 1.3m tonnes of palm oil and palm oil products into fuel in 2019, according to Friends of the Earth. Biofuels are composed of animals or plant waste, such as ethanol derived from maize, and are therefore marketed as “renewable”.

4 - The problems start with the huge land area growing crops for biofuel can require, often driving land grabs and presenting insurmountable challenges to food security. Besides this, biofuel production is hardly a climatic or ecological paradise – it causes severe emissions and habitat and biodiversity loss through deforestation.

5 - You could excuse the band’s headlong dive into what critics have called “greenwash” as a rush of blood to the head – had they not announced a pause on touring in 2019 until they could do so carbon neutrally. Three years later, they thought halfway was good enough, with their 2022 tour project to be 50% lower in emissions than their last, with the other half achieved through offsetting.

6 - Decarbonizing live music is necessary, laudable and a daunting task. But, like many facets of the climate world, the real routes to cutting emission are rarely sexy.

7- Coldplay are not the first to explore this, with Radiohead attempting a low-carbon tour in 2008, making use of alternative travel and local equipment hiring. More recent contenders for green rock stars include Massive Attack, who have argued that the challenge is “to avoid more pledges, promises and greenwashing headlines and instead embrace seismic change”.

8 - Massive Attack’s report suggests less aviation, rather than celebrating alternative fuels, is necessary. Scepticism of sustainable aviation fuels, after all, is justified: they have been promised for decades, but only accounted for 0.01% of jet fuel in 2019.

9 - Importantly, Massive Attack eschew carbon offsets, currently the go-to climate solution for most eco-minded people in the music industry. Coldplay say they will make their tour “neutral” by offsetting the other half through technologies like carbon capture and storage. But campaigners and climate scientists have long argued offsetting should be reserved only for “hard-to-decarbonize” sectors – think the cement industry, not gigs. Otherwise, it simply provides a quick fix excuse for the rich and famous who plan to pollute now and offset later.

10 - Of course, not all of Coldplay’s efforts are for show, and it is an admirable step down the path to zero-emissions music. But to really make an impact, more consideration should be put into what they are indirectly promoting with the emissions reductions schemes. Perhaps this could start with a conscious uncoupling from Neste.

Disponível em: http://www.theguardian.com/commentsfree/2022/may/11/coldplay-massive-attack-greenwashing-neste Acesso: