Questões de Inglês

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Tackling the challenges of cultural differences onboard

    The phenomenon of manning a ship with a culturally mixed crew is nothing new in the shipping industry. However, working along with mixed crews on board ships can easily lead to potential misunderstandings or miscommunication issues. As a result, shipping companies and operators need to provide cross-cultural training to every crewmember before boarding a vessel.

    Given the matter of multi-national crews' employment, the industry must be well-prepared, in order to cope with manning diversity, while realize the hidden risks of mixed crews. Multiplicity of persons whose ethnicity involves differences, not only language but also culture and religion are a major challenge to overcome when facing prolonged periods of on board.

    According to a study conducted by World Maritime University, cultural complexity on ships has become an issue of intensive attention, due to the fact that a growing number of maritime accidents are attributed to ineffective communication and misinterpretation of different behaviors on multilingual and multicultural vessels.

    "Seafaring professional culture, seafarers' national cultures, shipping compапy organizational culture and the industry-hailed safety culture all exert influences on seafarers' individual attitudes, values, and team interactions and can lead to positive or negative performance on board ships." ... as World Maritime University stated.

    What is more, it is observed that poor command of English, wrong stereotyping, different understanding of safety/work culture and different attitude toward risk, can all lead to severe marine accidents and impact a ship's operational performance.

    "The development of cross-cultural competency is absent from the agenda of maritime education and training, despite the fact that the shipping sector is highly globalized and the maritime labor market widely multicultural."

    In addition, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies conducted a survey noting that companies should not only focus on the acquisition of appropriate technical skills for navigation and engineering, but also on the non-technical, i.e. soft skills, such as communication skills and intercultural competences and understanding of how culture can impact communication.

    Therefore, it is of vital importance for shipping industry and the seafarers to tackle the challenges of cultural differences onboard, by taking into consideration the following points: boost a cultural awareness environment; develop a global mindset; practice of language skills; enhance international work experience; boost diverse social contacts; promote appreciation of cultural differences.

    "Cultural differences should not separate us from each other, but rather cultural diversity brings a collective strength that can benefit all of humanity. Intercultural dialogue is the best guarantee of a more peaceful, just and sustainable world."... Robert Alan, American writer, artist and social activist noted.

(Adapted from: https://safety4sea.com/cm-tackling-thechallenges-of-cultural-differences-onboard/)

Text

Read the text below and mark the question.

Tackling the challenges of cultural differences onboard

    The phenomenon of manning a ship with a culturally mixed crew is nothing new in the shipping industry. However, working along with mixed crews on board ships can easily lead to potential misunderstandings or miscommunication issues. As a result, shipping companies and operators need to provide cross-cultural training to every crewmember before boarding a vessel.

    Given the matter of multi-national crews' employment, the industry must be well-prepared, in order to cope with manning diversity, while realize the hidden risks of mixed crews. Multiplicity of persons whose ethnicity involves differences, not only language but also culture and religion are a major challenge to overcome when facing prolonged periods of on board.

    According to a study conducted by World Maritime University, cultural complexity on ships has become an issue of intensive attention, due to the fact that a growing number of maritime accidents are attributed to ineffective communication and misinterpretation of different behaviors on multilingual and multicultural vessels.

    "Seafaring professional culture, seafarers' national cultures, shipping compапy organizational culture and the industry-hailed safety culture all exert influences on seafarers' individual attitudes, values, and team interactions and can lead to positive or negative performance on board ships." ... as World Maritime University stated.

    What is more, it is observed that poor command of English, wrong stereotyping, different understanding of safety/work culture and different attitude toward risk, can all lead to severe marine accidents and impact a ship's operational performance.

    "The development of cross-cultural competency is absent from the agenda of maritime education and training, despite the fact that the shipping sector is highly globalized and the maritime labor market widely multicultural."

    In addition, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies conducted a survey noting that companies should not only focus on the acquisition of appropriate technical skills for navigation and engineering, but also on the non-technical, i.e. soft skills, such as communication skills and intercultural competences and understanding of how culture can impact communication.

    Therefore, it is of vital importance for shipping industry and the seafarers to tackle the challenges of cultural differences onboard, by taking into consideration the following points: boost a cultural awareness environment; develop a global mindset; practice of language skills; enhance international work experience; boost diverse social contacts; promote appreciation of cultural differences.

    "Cultural differences should not separate us from each other, but rather cultural diversity brings a collective strength that can benefit all of humanity. Intercultural dialogue is the best guarantee of a more peaceful, just and sustainable world."... Robert Alan, American writer, artist and social activist noted.

(Adapted from: https://safety4sea.com/cm-tackling-thechallenges-of-cultural-differences-onboard/)

Considere o seguinte texto para a questão.

What is whitewashing, and why is it harmful?

By Claire Gillespie
Published on June 1, 2021

    TV and film producer Kevin Feige, a primary creator of the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2007, has admitted it was wrong to cast Tilda Swinton in the 2016 movie, Doctor Strange. It’s a big deal because this particular casting decision is considered one of Hollywood’s most identifiable examples of whitewashing – the original comic book character, “The ancient one,” is an Asian male.

    In its narrowest definition, whitewashing on film and TV is the elimination or replacement of people of color with white characters, according to LeiLani Nishime, professor of communication at the University of Washington […].

    Doctor Strange is only one example of many. In the movie adaptation of James Sallis’s novel Drive, the female lead – a Mexican woman named Irina – is renamed Irene and portrayed by Carey Mulligan, a white, non-Hispanic actress. In the movie Lords of Dogtown, which is based on the documentary Dogtown and Z-Boys, the leader of the pioneering skateboard crew was Jeff Ho, an Asian American. But the film version focused on a cofounder of the surf shop Jeff Ho Surfboards and Zephyr Productions and the character is played by Heath Ledger, a white man.

    Another type of whitewashing is when people of color are displaced in a story to put the focus on white characters, said Nishime. The 2015 movie Stonewall is based on the 1969 Stonewall riots. The narrative is centered around a cis, white gay man, but in fact, the leaders of the Stonewall Rebellion included black and Latinx trans women, such as Sylvia Rivera and Miss Major.

    Whitewashing may also involve a white person pretending to be a person of color – like Johnny Depp masquerading as a Native American in The Lone Ranger – creating entire worlds where people of color simply don’t exist (The Lord of The Rings is another prime example).

    In 2019, Merriam-Webster dictionary expanded its definition of whitewashing, writing, “This new sense of whitewashing refers to casting white actors as characters who are non-white or of indeterminate race […]. It can also refer to preferring white actors, directors, cinematographers, and so on, over equally qualified people of color, as in the Oscar nominations.” In a practical sense, whitewashing takes work away from actors of color, said Nishime. […]

    On a personal level, whitewashing can have a huge psychological impact. “Unfortunately, it lingers on due to stereotypes, media, and familial influence,” said California-based psychiatrist Leela R. Magavi. “It can lead to debilitating anxiety as minority individuals may feel pressured to look, speak, or present a certain way.”

    People of color who are protesting against whitewashing in entertainment media, news media, politics, and history need to be heard, Nishime said. “We also need to support more independent media makers,” Nishime added. “They are the ones who are making stories that center Asian Americans and other people of color.” Individual people can also make a difference by being empathetic. This creates a space for open communication, which helps people struggling with whitewashing and other forms of racism feel safe and supported.

Source: Adapted from https://www.health.com/mind-body/health-diversity-inclusion/whitewashing

READ THE TEXT BELOW, THEN ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

ALS drug gets rare second review at high-stakes FDA meeting

A closely watched experimental drug called AMX0035 for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) got an unusual second look from U.S. regulators on September 7, following intense pressure to approve the treatment for those with the fatal illness.

Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, the sickness destroys nerve cells needed for basic functions like walking, talking and swallowing. Patients and their families have rallied behind the drug from Amylyx Pharma, launching an aggressive lobbying campaign and enlisting members of Congress to push the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to grant approval.

In a rare move, the FDA convened a second meeting of neurology advisers who narrowly voted against the company’s drug in March. The panel was reviewing new statistical analyses from Amylyx and planned to vote again on whether to recommend approval. An internal review by FDA scientists posted ahead of the meeting struck a negative tone, concluding that the company’s updated analysis was not “persuasive” and provided “no new data.” On the other hand, the FDA’s instructions to the panel stressed the need for regulatory flexibility when considering drugs for deadly diseases. A final FDA decision is expected later this month.

(Excerpt taken from: https://news.yahoo.com/als-drug-gets-rare-second-173358284.html)

Glossary:
High-stakes: importante
Illness: doença
Rally behind: apoiar publicamente
Launch: lançar
Stress: frisar

READ THE TEXT BELOW, THEN ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

ALS drug gets rare second review at high-stakes FDA meeting

A closely watched experimental drug called AMX0035 for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) got an unusual second look from U.S. regulators on September 7, following intense pressure to approve the treatment for those with the fatal illness.

Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, the sickness destroys nerve cells needed for basic functions like walking, talking and swallowing. Patients and their families have rallied behind the drug from Amylyx Pharma, launching an aggressive lobbying campaign and enlisting members of Congress to push the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to grant approval.

In a rare move, the FDA convened a second meeting of neurology advisers who narrowly voted against the company’s drug in March. The panel was reviewing new statistical analyses from Amylyx and planned to vote again on whether to recommend approval. An internal review by FDA scientists posted ahead of the meeting struck a negative tone, concluding that the company’s updated analysis was not “persuasive” and provided “no new data.” On the other hand, the FDA’s instructions to the panel stressed the need for regulatory flexibility when considering drugs for deadly diseases. A final FDA decision is expected later this month.

(Excerpt taken from: https://news.yahoo.com/als-drug-gets-rare-second-173358284.html)

Glossary:
High-stakes: importante
Illness: doença
Rally behind: apoiar publicamente
Launch: lançar
Stress: frisar

READ THE TEXT BELOW, THEN ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

ALS drug gets rare second review at high-stakes FDA meeting

A closely watched experimental drug called AMX0035 for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) got an unusual second look from U.S. regulators on September 7, following intense pressure to approve the treatment for those with the fatal illness.

Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, the sickness destroys nerve cells needed for basic functions like walking, talking and swallowing. Patients and their families have rallied behind the drug from Amylyx Pharma, launching an aggressive lobbying campaign and enlisting members of Congress to push the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to grant approval.

In a rare move, the FDA convened a second meeting of neurology advisers who narrowly voted against the company’s drug in March. The panel was reviewing new statistical analyses from Amylyx and planned to vote again on whether to recommend approval. An internal review by FDA scientists posted ahead of the meeting struck a negative tone, concluding that the company’s updated analysis was not “persuasive” and provided “no new data.” On the other hand, the FDA’s instructions to the panel stressed the need for regulatory flexibility when considering drugs for deadly diseases. A final FDA decision is expected later this month.

(Excerpt taken from: https://news.yahoo.com/als-drug-gets-rare-second-173358284.html)

Glossary:
High-stakes: importante
Illness: doença
Rally behind: apoiar publicamente
Launch: lançar
Stress: frisar