Questões de Inglês

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

    What´s the Difference Between the Metric and Imperial System?

                                                                                            Aug 11, 2021

While most of the world uses the International System of Units, aka the Metric System, Liberia, Myanmar and the United States are the only countries that have not officially adopted the Metric System. The United States has its own system, based on the old British Imperial System of inches and pounds.

    What Is the Metric System?

The Metric System, or SI (Système International), is based off this original meter and currently the official system of measurement for almost all countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, Europe and Oceania. The SI units–fundamental units not based on any other units–are meter, kilogram, second, ampere (electricity), kelvin (although Celsius is a more practical measurement for nonscientific applications), mole (chemistry), and candela (luminous intensity).

    What Is the Imperial System?

The British Imperial System was the official system of weights and measures in the United Kingdom from 1824 until they adopted the Metric System in 1965. The Imperial System standardized measurements for units like pound and foot that had different meanings in different places.

https://tinyurl.com/yc5v9dh7 Acesso em: 16.02.2024. Adaptado.

Artificial intelligence in intensive care units

Image: LinkedIn bank.

1    In the future, artificial intelligence will play an important role in medicine. In diagnostics, successful tests have already been performed: for example, the computer can learn to categorize images with great accuracy according to whether they show pathological changes or not. However, it is more difficult to train an artificial intelligence to examine the time-varying conditions of patients and to calculate treatment suggestions -- this is precisely what has now been achieved at TU Wien in cooperation with the Medical University of Vienna.

2    With the help of extensive data from intensive care units of various hospitals, an artificial intelligence was developed that provides suggestions for the treatment of people who require intensive care due to sepsis. Analyses show that artificial intelligence already surpasses the quality of human decisions. However, it is now important also to discuss the legal aspects of such methods.

3    "In an intensive care unit, a lot of different data is collected around the clock. The patients are constantly monitored medically. We wanted to investigate whether these data could be used even better than before," says Prof. Clemens Heitzinger from the Institute for Analysis and Scientific Computing at TU Wien (Vienna).

4    Medical staff make their decisions on the basis of well-founded rules. Most of the time, they know very well which parameters they have to take into account in order to provide the best care. However, the computer can easily take many more parameters than a human into account -- and in some cases this can lead to even better decisions. [...]

5    Analysis shows that AI capabilities are already outperforming humans: "Cure rates are now higher with an AI strategy than with purely human decisions. In one of our studies, the cure rate in terms of 90-day mortality was increased by about 3% to about 88%," says Prof. Heitzinger.

6    Of course, this does not mean that one should leave medical decisions in an intensive care unit to the computer alone. But the artificial intelligence may run along as an additional device at the bedside -- and the medical staff can consult it and compare their own assessment with the artificial intelligence's suggestions.

Disponível em: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/05/230511164553.htm. Acesso em: maio/2023. Texto adaptado.

Leia os textos a seguir para responder a questão.

Texto I

POPE FRANCIS WARNS PETS MUST NOT REPLACE CHILDREN IN ITALY

Starting a family in Italy is becoming a "titanic effort" that only the rich can afford, Pope Francis has warned.

Addressing a conference on Italy's demographic crisis, he said pets were replacing children in many households.

Also on stage were dozens of young people, wearing T-shirts saying "we can do this" - alluding to convincing people to have more children.

Italy has one of the lowest fertility rates in the EU and births dropped below 400,000 last year - a new low.

In his speech in Rome, the Pope said the declining birth rate signalled a lack of hope in the future, with younger generations weighed down by a sense of uncertainty, fragility and precariousness.

"Difficulty in finding a stable job, sky-high rents and insufficient wages are real problems," he said.

Warning that pets were replacing children in some households, the Pope recounted how a woman had opened her bag and asked him to "bless her baby". Except it was not a baby, but a small dog.

"I lost my patience and told her off: there are many children who are hungry, and you bring me a dog?" he added, triggering a round of applause from the crowd.

Birth rates are slowing in many places - such as Japan, South Korea, Puerto Rico and Portugal. But a shrinking population is a major worry for Italy - the third-largest country in the eurozone.

The country could lose almost a fifth of its residents by 2050. At the same time, the population is ageing quickly - the number of centenarians in Italy has tripled over the last 20 years.

Italy is often dubbed "The country of empty cribs". Even Elon Musk tweeted last month: "Italy is disappearing!"

Experts warn the population crisis will lead to the impoverishment of the nation. Economy Minister Giancarlo Giorgetti said that by 2042, Italy's declining birthrate would end up reducing its gross domestic product (GDP) by 18%.

There are many reasons why women in Italy are having fewer babies.

Young people struggle to find stable jobs and the childcare support system is often inadequate, which makes it hard for mothers to juggle work and family life.

Six out of 10 mothers don't have access to nurseries, according to the charity Save the Children.

Many pregnant women are forced to resign, and some get sacked when they get pregnant.

Italy's plummeting birth rate "is a national emergency" said Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, who was speaking alongside Pope Francis.

The image of the two leaders - both dressed in white head to toe - speaking together was very symbolic in Italy, as to show that the issue is so urgent, that it goes beyond politics or religion.

"Fixing the problem is an absolute priority. We want Italy to go back to having a bright future," she said.

Mrs Meloni, who won the largest share of the women's vote in September elections but does not consider herself a feminist, has made mothers and families a central part of her discourse. She has created an ad hoc ministry to address the issue of declining birth rates and her government has hinted at encouraging people to have children by exempting them from paying income tax.

Pope Francis called for politicians to find "forward-looking solutions to avoid Italy degenerating into sadness".

At the end of his speech, several pregnant women queued on stage to have him touch their belly and give them a blessing.

Shortly after, a flock of children encircled the Pontiff in a group hug - something likely to have been orchestrated by the organisers of the event.

Fonte: Disponível em .

Texto II

NUMBER OF PET OWNING HOUSEHOLDS IN EUROPE 2010-2022

As of 2022, an estimated 91 million European households owned at least one pet. During the last decade, the number of pet-owning households has increased by approximately 20 million.

Pets in the European Union

The most popular pets in the Europeans Union (EU) are cats. There are approximately 11,000 more cats than dogs in the EU. Besides cats and dogs, other popular pets are ornamental birds, such as canaries, parakeets, parrots, and small mammals, like mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, or rabbits. The number of cats in Europe has steadily increased during the last decade. In 2010, there were about 85,000 cats in Europe. By 2021, this figure had reached over 127,000. A similar trend has been observed in the number of dogs in Europe.

Cats in the European Union

While cats are popular companions for households in many EU countries, Germany and France have the highest numbers of cats among EU countries by a considerable margin. However, these countries are also the most populous in the EU. Taking a look at the share of households who own at least one cat in the EU shows that the share of cat lovers in Romania is the highest. Almost half of Romanian households own a cat. The share of cat-owning households seems to be comparatively high in many eastern European countries.

Fonte: Disponível em .

Leia os textos a seguir para responder a questão.

Texto I

POPE FRANCIS WARNS PETS MUST NOT REPLACE CHILDREN IN ITALY

Starting a family in Italy is becoming a "titanic effort" that only the rich can afford, Pope Francis has warned.

Addressing a conference on Italy's demographic crisis, he said pets were replacing children in many households.

Also on stage were dozens of young people, wearing T-shirts saying "we can do this" - alluding to convincing people to have more children.

Italy has one of the lowest fertility rates in the EU and births dropped below 400,000 last year - a new low.

In his speech in Rome, the Pope said the declining birth rate signalled a lack of hope in the future, with younger generations weighed down by a sense of uncertainty, fragility and precariousness.

"Difficulty in finding a stable job, sky-high rents and insufficient wages are real problems," he said.

Warning that pets were replacing children in some households, the Pope recounted how a woman had opened her bag and asked him to "bless her baby". Except it was not a baby, but a small dog.

"I lost my patience and told her off: there are many children who are hungry, and you bring me a dog?" he added, triggering a round of applause from the crowd.

Birth rates are slowing in many places - such as Japan, South Korea, Puerto Rico and Portugal. But a shrinking population is a major worry for Italy - the third-largest country in the eurozone.

The country could lose almost a fifth of its residents by 2050. At the same time, the population is ageing quickly - the number of centenarians in Italy has tripled over the last 20 years.

Italy is often dubbed "The country of empty cribs". Even Elon Musk tweeted last month: "Italy is disappearing!"

Experts warn the population crisis will lead to the impoverishment of the nation. Economy Minister Giancarlo Giorgetti said that by 2042, Italy's declining birthrate would end up reducing its gross domestic product (GDP) by 18%.

There are many reasons why women in Italy are having fewer babies.

Young people struggle to find stable jobs and the childcare support system is often inadequate, which makes it hard for mothers to juggle work and family life.

Six out of 10 mothers don't have access to nurseries, according to the charity Save the Children.

Many pregnant women are forced to resign, and some get sacked when they get pregnant.

Italy's plummeting birth rate "is a national emergency" said Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, who was speaking alongside Pope Francis.

The image of the two leaders - both dressed in white head to toe - speaking together was very symbolic in Italy, as to show that the issue is so urgent, that it goes beyond politics or religion.

"Fixing the problem is an absolute priority. We want Italy to go back to having a bright future," she said.

Mrs Meloni, who won the largest share of the women's vote in September elections but does not consider herself a feminist, has made mothers and families a central part of her discourse. She has created an ad hoc ministry to address the issue of declining birth rates and her government has hinted at encouraging people to have children by exempting them from paying income tax.

Pope Francis called for politicians to find "forward-looking solutions to avoid Italy degenerating into sadness".

At the end of his speech, several pregnant women queued on stage to have him touch their belly and give them a blessing.

Shortly after, a flock of children encircled the Pontiff in a group hug - something likely to have been orchestrated by the organisers of the event.

Fonte: Disponível em .

Texto II

NUMBER OF PET OWNING HOUSEHOLDS IN EUROPE 2010-2022

As of 2022, an estimated 91 million European households owned at least one pet. During the last decade, the number of pet-owning households has increased by approximately 20 million.

Pets in the European Union

The most popular pets in the Europeans Union (EU) are cats. There are approximately 11,000 more cats than dogs in the EU. Besides cats and dogs, other popular pets are ornamental birds, such as canaries, parakeets, parrots, and small mammals, like mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, or rabbits. The number of cats in Europe has steadily increased during the last decade. In 2010, there were about 85,000 cats in Europe. By 2021, this figure had reached over 127,000. A similar trend has been observed in the number of dogs in Europe.

Cats in the European Union

While cats are popular companions for households in many EU countries, Germany and France have the highest numbers of cats among EU countries by a considerable margin. However, these countries are also the most populous in the EU. Taking a look at the share of households who own at least one cat in the EU shows that the share of cat lovers in Romania is the highest. Almost half of Romanian households own a cat. The share of cat-owning households seems to be comparatively high in many eastern European countries.

Fonte: Disponível em .

Leia os textos a seguir para responder a questão.

Texto I

POPE FRANCIS WARNS PETS MUST NOT REPLACE CHILDREN IN ITALY

Starting a family in Italy is becoming a "titanic effort" that only the rich can afford, Pope Francis has warned.

Addressing a conference on Italy's demographic crisis, he said pets were replacing children in many households.

Also on stage were dozens of young people, wearing T-shirts saying "we can do this" - alluding to convincing people to have more children.

Italy has one of the lowest fertility rates in the EU and births dropped below 400,000 last year - a new low.

In his speech in Rome, the Pope said the declining birth rate signalled a lack of hope in the future, with younger generations weighed down by a sense of uncertainty, fragility and precariousness.

"Difficulty in finding a stable job, sky-high rents and insufficient wages are real problems," he said.

Warning that pets were replacing children in some households, the Pope recounted how a woman had opened her bag and asked him to "bless her baby". Except it was not a baby, but a small dog.

"I lost my patience and told her off: there are many children who are hungry, and you bring me a dog?" he added, triggering a round of applause from the crowd.

Birth rates are slowing in many places - such as Japan, South Korea, Puerto Rico and Portugal. But a shrinking population is a major worry for Italy - the third-largest country in the eurozone.

The country could lose almost a fifth of its residents by 2050. At the same time, the population is ageing quickly - the number of centenarians in Italy has tripled over the last 20 years.

Italy is often dubbed "The country of empty cribs". Even Elon Musk tweeted last month: "Italy is disappearing!"

Experts warn the population crisis will lead to the impoverishment of the nation. Economy Minister Giancarlo Giorgetti said that by 2042, Italy's declining birthrate would end up reducing its gross domestic product (GDP) by 18%.

There are many reasons why women in Italy are having fewer babies.

Young people struggle to find stable jobs and the childcare support system is often inadequate, which makes it hard for mothers to juggle work and family life.

Six out of 10 mothers don't have access to nurseries, according to the charity Save the Children.

Many pregnant women are forced to resign, and some get sacked when they get pregnant.

Italy's plummeting birth rate "is a national emergency" said Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, who was speaking alongside Pope Francis.

The image of the two leaders - both dressed in white head to toe - speaking together was very symbolic in Italy, as to show that the issue is so urgent, that it goes beyond politics or religion.

"Fixing the problem is an absolute priority. We want Italy to go back to having a bright future," she said.

Mrs Meloni, who won the largest share of the women's vote in September elections but does not consider herself a feminist, has made mothers and families a central part of her discourse. She has created an ad hoc ministry to address the issue of declining birth rates and her government has hinted at encouraging people to have children by exempting them from paying income tax.

Pope Francis called for politicians to find "forward-looking solutions to avoid Italy degenerating into sadness".

At the end of his speech, several pregnant women queued on stage to have him touch their belly and give them a blessing.

Shortly after, a flock of children encircled the Pontiff in a group hug - something likely to have been orchestrated by the organisers of the event.

Fonte: Disponível em .

Texto II

NUMBER OF PET OWNING HOUSEHOLDS IN EUROPE 2010-2022

As of 2022, an estimated 91 million European households owned at least one pet. During the last decade, the number of pet-owning households has increased by approximately 20 million.

Pets in the European Union

The most popular pets in the Europeans Union (EU) are cats. There are approximately 11,000 more cats than dogs in the EU. Besides cats and dogs, other popular pets are ornamental birds, such as canaries, parakeets, parrots, and small mammals, like mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, or rabbits. The number of cats in Europe has steadily increased during the last decade. In 2010, there were about 85,000 cats in Europe. By 2021, this figure had reached over 127,000. A similar trend has been observed in the number of dogs in Europe.

Cats in the European Union

While cats are popular companions for households in many EU countries, Germany and France have the highest numbers of cats among EU countries by a considerable margin. However, these countries are also the most populous in the EU. Taking a look at the share of households who own at least one cat in the EU shows that the share of cat lovers in Romania is the highest. Almost half of Romanian households own a cat. The share of cat-owning households seems to be comparatively high in many eastern European countries.

Fonte: Disponível em .

Arkansas man receives world's first eye transplant

Aaron James lost his nose, mouth and left eye in a work-related accident. Surgeons in New York successfully performed the reconstruction that included a whole-eye implant. His vision was not restored, but the first-of-its-kind procedure may help advance transplant medicine.

"If some form of vision restoration occurred, it would be wonderful, but... the goal was for us to perform the technical operation," said the chief surgeon, Dr Eduardo Rodriguez.

BBC NEWS. Arkansas man receives world?s first eye transplant. 9 nov. 2023. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 23 nov. 2023.