Questões de Inglês

“(...) which often keeps them from taking steps to make sure these errors are not repeated in the future.” (l. 8)

 

The underlined word refers to:

Read the following text to answer question.

 

The Creator of a Viral Black Fetus Medical Illustration Blends Art and Activism

 

Chidiebere Ibe says his work is not just about the lack of representation in medical illustrations. It's also about the beauty of African culture.

By David Limm January 13, 2022

As an aspiring medical illustrator, Chidiebere Ibe noticed the absence as soon as he began to learn the craft. Why aren't there more images of Black skin in medical illustration?

In a healthcare system beset with racial inequities, the relative scarcity of dark skin tones in medical textbooks is no exception. Driven to correct this imbalance, the Nigerian-born would-be neurosurgeon started teaching himself to illustrate, using Black skin to depict various medical conditions and procedures.

One-and-a-half years and one viral illustration later, Ibe is now a student at Kyiv Medical University in Ukraine, a budding illustrator, and an advocate for racial health justice. Over the past few weeks, his image of a Black pregnant person and fetus struck an instant chord on social media. For many, the picture was a reminder that racial bias can permeate every level of healthcare and medical training.

"I’ve literally never seen a black foetus illustrated, ever," said one Twitter user, whose post with the image helped propel the illustration to virality. "Seeing more textbooks like this would make me want to become medical student," said a commenter on Ibe's Instagram post.

Ni-ka Ford, a medical illustrator whose work is a favorite of Ibe's, said on Twitter, "Bias towards able-bodied whiteness in medical education materials is very harmful, it contributes to inequality and disparities in healthcare."

[…]

A 2018 study of four anatomy textbooks frequently assigned at medical schools found that dark skin tones were greatly underrepresented, making up less than 5% of more than 4,000 images analyzed. The same study also found that, despite having higher mortality rates for six common types of cancer – breast, cervical, colon, lung, prostate, and skin – Black people appeared in fewer than a quarter of images depicting cancer. None of the cancer-specific images showed what the study deemed to be dark skin tones.

Race matters, and skin tone matters in medicine, especially in dermatology. Research has shown that when dermatologists fail to recognize disease in Brown or Black skin, the results can be deadly.

[…]

HealthCity spoke with Ibe about the need for racial representation in healthcare, his approach to drawing Black skin, and the role of creativity in medical illustrations.

HealthCity: You've said that you are motivated by a passion for equity in healthcare but also by the beauty of Black people. Why do you think medical illustration is such a powerful device for promoting these things?

Chidiebere Ibe: Because I'm in the medical field, I am making use of the tools and the skills that I have to advocate for what I believe in. If I were a singer, I would sing songs to advocate for what I believe in. Because I'm an artist – I'm a medical illustrator – I have to create art that would advocate for what I believe in.

My drawings are not just depicting skin, or the Black skin, but also showing how Africa looks, typically. If you go to my drawings, you would see some drawings that depict how Africa looks like. For example, I created a drawing of a child with measles. That drawing was a child sitting on a bicycle, heading to the farm to get food for the day. Now, that's typical lifestyle of Africa. My drawings are depicting how Africa looks on a daily basis and also portraying the medical part of it.

[…]

Disponível em: https://healthcity.bmc.org/policy-and-industry/creator-viral-black-fetus-medical-illustration-blends-art-and-activism. Acesso em: 10 out. 2023.

Considering the ideas present in the text, it can be stated that

Read the following text to answer question.

 

The Creator of a Viral Black Fetus Medical Illustration Blends Art and Activism

 

Chidiebere Ibe says his work is not just about the lack of representation in medical illustrations. It's also about the beauty of African culture.

By David Limm January 13, 2022

As an aspiring medical illustrator, Chidiebere Ibe noticed the absence as soon as he began to learn the craft. Why aren't there more images of Black skin in medical illustration?

In a healthcare system beset with racial inequities, the relative scarcity of dark skin tones in medical textbooks is no exception. Driven to correct this imbalance, the Nigerian-born would-be neurosurgeon started teaching himself to illustrate, using Black skin to depict various medical conditions and procedures.

One-and-a-half years and one viral illustration later, Ibe is now a student at Kyiv Medical University in Ukraine, a budding illustrator, and an advocate for racial health justice. Over the past few weeks, his image of a Black pregnant person and fetus struck an instant chord on social media. For many, the picture was a reminder that racial bias can permeate every level of healthcare and medical training.

"I’ve literally never seen a black foetus illustrated, ever," said one Twitter user, whose post with the image helped propel the illustration to virality. "Seeing more textbooks like this would make me want to become medical student," said a commenter on Ibe's Instagram post.

Ni-ka Ford, a medical illustrator whose work is a favorite of Ibe's, said on Twitter, "Bias towards able-bodied whiteness in medical education materials is very harmful, it contributes to inequality and disparities in healthcare."

[…]

A 2018 study of four anatomy textbooks frequently assigned at medical schools found that dark skin tones were greatly underrepresented, making up less than 5% of more than 4,000 images analyzed. The same study also found that, despite having higher mortality rates for six common types of cancer – breast, cervical, colon, lung, prostate, and skin – Black people appeared in fewer than a quarter of images depicting cancer. None of the cancer-specific images showed what the study deemed to be dark skin tones.

Race matters, and skin tone matters in medicine, especially in dermatology. Research has shown that when dermatologists fail to recognize disease in Brown or Black skin, the results can be deadly.

[…]

HealthCity spoke with Ibe about the need for racial representation in healthcare, his approach to drawing Black skin, and the role of creativity in medical illustrations.

HealthCity: You've said that you are motivated by a passion for equity in healthcare but also by the beauty of Black people. Why do you think medical illustration is such a powerful device for promoting these things?

Chidiebere Ibe: Because I'm in the medical field, I am making use of the tools and the skills that I have to advocate for what I believe in. If I were a singer, I would sing songs to advocate for what I believe in. Because I'm an artist – I'm a medical illustrator – I have to create art that would advocate for what I believe in.

My drawings are not just depicting skin, or the Black skin, but also showing how Africa looks, typically. If you go to my drawings, you would see some drawings that depict how Africa looks like. For example, I created a drawing of a child with measles. That drawing was a child sitting on a bicycle, heading to the farm to get food for the day. Now, that's typical lifestyle of Africa. My drawings are depicting how Africa looks on a daily basis and also portraying the medical part of it.

[…]

Disponível em: https://healthcity.bmc.org/policy-and-industry/creator-viral-black-fetus-medical-illustration-blends-art-and-activism. Acesso em: 10 out. 2023.

Concerning the term “blends”, in the title of the article, it can be inferred that

An mail from a friend

 

[1] I've been meaning to write for ages and finally today I'm actually doing something about

it. Not that I'm trying to make excuses for myself, it's been really hard to sit down and

write, as I've been moving around so much. Since we last saw each other I've unpacked

my bags in four different cities. This job has turned out, to be more of a whirlwind than I

[5] expected but it's all good!

I went from London to Prague to set up a new regional office there. You know I'd always

wanted to go, but maybe I was imagining Prague in spring when I used to talk about that.

Winter was really hard, with minus 15 degrees in the mornings and dark really early in

the evening. But at least it was blue skies and white snow and not days on end of grey

[10] skies and rain like at home. It's tough being away from home over Christmas, though,

and Skype on Christmas Day wasn't really the same as being with everyone.

From there I was on another three-month mission to oversee the set-up of the office in

New York. Loved, loved, loved New York! It's like being in one big TV show, as

everywhere looks just a little bit familiar. I did every tourist thing you can think of when I

[15] wasn't working, and must have spent most of my salary on eating out. It was really hard

to leave for the next job, especially as I kind of met someone (!) More about Michael

later ...

So then I was posted to LA, which felt like a whole other country compared with the East

Coast. I could definitely get used to that kind of outdoor, beach lifestyle, but I didn't spend

[20] as much time getting to know California as I could have because I was flying back to see

Michael every other weekend. He came to see me when he could, but his job means

he's often working at weekends, so he couldn't make the flight very often. Those three

months flew by and then I was off again, to Frankfurt, which is where I am now. And ...

so is Michael! He got a month off work and we're trying to work out, how we can be in

[25] the same place at the same time for a while. We figure the first step in that direction is

getting married, which is also why I wanted to write - I can't get married without my oldest

friend there! The wedding's going to be at home in London in September and I hope you

can come!

Anyway, tell me all your news and I promise not to leave it so long this time! Lots of love, Kath. Source:

www.learnenglish.britishcouncil.org. Access in: 28 may 2024.

Concerning the meaning from the text, the following pronouns refer to:

The Story of Coca-Cola

 

[1] Probably the best-known drink in the world.

What's the most recognizable object in the world? Could it be a football? Or a Big-Mac?

No, the answer is a Coca-Cola bottle. The famous Coca-Cola bottle is over 100 years old!

Footballs and big macs are certainly part of life for lots of people; but Coca-Cola is now a

[5] permanent part of world culture. People know and drink Coca-Cola all over the world. It

is said that the Coca-Cola bottle is the most recognized object in the world. Hundreds of

millions of people can recognize a coke bottle by its shape, even if they cannot see it! And

the famous Coca-Cola logo is the most famous logo in the world. Unlike any other famous

commercial logo, it has not changed in 100 years! But the story of Coca-Cola is even

[10] older than that. It was in 1886 that John Pemberton, a druggist in Atlanta, Georgia,

invented a new type of syrup using coca leaves, sugar and cola nuts, plus a few other

secret ingredients! Pemberton sold it as a medicine; and with its coca (the source of

cocaine), it must have made people feel good! Nevertheless, Pemberton's medicine was

not very successful, so he sold his secret formula to another druggist, Asa Candler.

[15]  Candler was interested, because he had another idea; he thought that Pemberton's

"medicine" would be much better if it was mixed with soda. Candler was thus the man

who really invented the drink Coca-Cola. At first he sold it in his drugstore; then he began

selling the syrup to other drugstores, which used it with their soda fountains. Candler also

advertised his new drink, and soon people were going to drugstores just to get a drink of

[20] Coca-Cola. Before long, other people became interested in the product, including a

couple of businessmen who wanted to sell it in bottles. Candler sold them a license to

bottle the drink, and very quickly the men became millionaires. The famous bottle, with its

very distinctive shape, was designed in 1916. During the First World War, American

soldiers in Europe began asking for Coca-Cola, so the Coca-Cola Company began

[25] exporting to Europe. It was so popular with soldiers, that they then had to start bottling

the drink in Europe. Today, Coca-Cola is made in countries all over the world, includin

Russia and China; it is the world's most popular drink. As for the famous formula, it is

probably the world's most valuable secret! The exact ingredients for making Coca-Cola

are only known to a handful of people. And as for the "coca" that was in the original drink,

[30] that was eliminated in 1903. It was a drug, and too dangerous. Today's Coca-Cola

contains caffeine, but not cocaine!

 

And PS Health warning! Like all sodas (fizzy drinks) normal Colas contain a lot of sugar.

"Far too much sugar" say many doctors.

Source: https://linguapress.com/intermediate/coca-cola-story.htm. Access in: 11 apr. 2024.

Mark the correct alternative which shows synonyms of words from the text, giving them the same meaning.

The Story of Coca-Cola

 

[1] Probably the best-known drink in the world.

What's the most recognizable object in the world? Could it be a football? Or a Big-Mac?

No, the answer is a Coca-Cola bottle. The famous Coca-Cola bottle is over 100 years old!

Footballs and big macs are certainly part of life for lots of people; but Coca-Cola is now a

[5] permanent part of world culture. People know and drink Coca-Cola all over the world. It

is said that the Coca-Cola bottle is the most recognized object in the world. Hundreds of

millions of people can recognize a coke bottle by its shape, even if they cannot see it! And

the famous Coca-Cola logo is the most famous logo in the world. Unlike any other famous

commercial logo, it has not changed in 100 years! But the story of Coca-Cola is even

[10] older than that. It was in 1886 that John Pemberton, a druggist in Atlanta, Georgia,

invented a new type of syrup using coca leaves, sugar and cola nuts, plus a few other

secret ingredients! Pemberton sold it as a medicine; and with its coca (the source of

cocaine), it must have made people feel good! Nevertheless, Pemberton's medicine was

not very successful, so he sold his secret formula to another druggist, Asa Candler.

[15]  Candler was interested, because he had another idea; he thought that Pemberton's

"medicine" would be much better if it was mixed with soda. Candler was thus the man

who really invented the drink Coca-Cola. At first he sold it in his drugstore; then he began

selling the syrup to other drugstores, which used it with their soda fountains. Candler also

advertised his new drink, and soon people were going to drugstores just to get a drink of

[20] Coca-Cola. Before long, other people became interested in the product, including a

couple of businessmen who wanted to sell it in bottles. Candler sold them a license to

bottle the drink, and very quickly the men became millionaires. The famous bottle, with its

very distinctive shape, was designed in 1916. During the First World War, American

soldiers in Europe began asking for Coca-Cola, so the Coca-Cola Company began

[25] exporting to Europe. It was so popular with soldiers, that they then had to start bottling

the drink in Europe. Today, Coca-Cola is made in countries all over the world, includin

Russia and China; it is the world's most popular drink. As for the famous formula, it is

probably the world's most valuable secret! The exact ingredients for making Coca-Cola

are only known to a handful of people. And as for the "coca" that was in the original drink,

[30] that was eliminated in 1903. It was a drug, and too dangerous. Today's Coca-Cola

contains caffeine, but not cocaine!

 

And PS Health warning! Like all sodas (fizzy drinks) normal Colas contain a lot of sugar.

"Far too much sugar" say many doctors.

Source: https://linguapress.com/intermediate/coca-cola-story.htm. Access in: 11 apr. 2024.

Complete the paragraph below according to the text, and mark the correct alternative.

 

The original drink was a __________, which was sold firstly as a medicine. __________ the coca in its original drink, that was __________ in 1903. Its logo hasnt changed in 100 years, Coca-Cola ________ other famous logo.

Coca-Cola ________ is only known to a ________________ people.