Questões de Inglês

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Biotechnology

    Biotechnology is one of the new professional courses of studies offered by universities. Biotechnology uses chemical and biological knowledge and the knowledge of new technologies in the areas of healthcare, food, chemistry, and the environment. Biotechnology graduates are multidisciplinary professionals. They study biology, chemistry, physics, statistics, and information technology.

    In the area of microbiology, these professionals study fungi, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa and the diseases that they cause in plants, animals, and human beings. They research the methods to use such microorganisms in the production of foods and beverages, such as dairy products, beer, and wine.

    The biotechnologist specializing in immunology uses the microorganisms in the production of vaccines and kits for diagnosis. In the food and pharmaceutical industries, they control microbial growth, safety, and hygiene at the workplace.

    They work in research for the development of new pharmaceutical drugs. They also work in the environment area, to evaluate and prevent water and soil contamination.

(Challenge – Richmond)

WHAT IS WORLD CHALLENGE?

Now in its fourth year, World Challenge 08 is a global competition aimed at finding projects or small businesses from around the world that have shown enterprise and innovation at a grass roots level. World Challenge 08 is brought to you by BBC World News and Newsweek, in association with Shell, and is about championing and rewarding projects and business which really make a difference. The winner will receive a grant of USD $20 000 to put back into their project/business, and two runners up will each receive USD $10 000. One representative from each of the three finalists will be flown to The Hague, The Netherlands to attend the award ceremony in December 2008.

2008 Finalist Projects - Comunidade Film

Oficinas Querô – Brazil

Young people in the slums of Santos have a shot at a better future thanks to filmmaker Carlos Cortez and his Oficinas Querô film academy.

Oficinas Querô has its roots in a filmmaker's search for young actors among the slum-dwellers of Santos.

Carlos Cortez was struck by the positive effect that the production experience had on his young cast.

Carlos resolved to make this life-changing experience available to more young people. He teamed up with UNICEF to create a formal education programme for 40 students at a time.

Over the course of a year, the students are expected to write, finance and produce three short feature films. The experience immerses them in the techniques of filmmaking, with top professionals from the Brazilian film industry available for help and advice. The films are publicly screened at the end of the course.

Several students have gone on to forge professional careers in Brazil's TV and film industries, but the aim of the course is designed not so much to find the next Walter Salles as to use the power of cinema to put young people on the right course. As Carlos explains, "The students are learning not only to deal with the tools for audio and visual production, but also teamwork and reflecting on their realities. They are preparing themselves to achieve things."

(http://www.theworldchallenge.co.uk/html/home.html, acessado em 01/12/2008.)

Pollution 'fights global warming:
By Matt McGrath
BBC News science reporter

[1]    Air pollution may be helping the fight
against global warming by enhancing the
ability of plants to absorb carbon dioxide,
scientists say.

[5]    Since the 1960s, increased levels of at-
mospheric pollution have enhanced plant
productivity by as much as one quarter, re-
search has found.

    In terms of carbon dioxide, this means

[10] that an extra 10% has been stored in the soil.

    The research was published in the
scientific journal, Nature.

    It is a common assumption that plants
grow best in clear sunny weather, but

[15] scientists say this is not always the case.

    Research has shown that forests and
crops can also thrive in hazy conditions be-
cause clouds and particles in the atmosphere
scatter sun light so that it bathes more

[20] leaves.

    That enhances photosynthesis, the process
by which plants turn light and carbon dioxide
into food.

    Global dimming

[25]    Researchers have now analyzed the im-
pact on plants of the dimmer, hazier skies
that have resulted from increases in air pol-
lution around the world since the 1900s.

    They have calculated that this so-called

[30] "global dimming” is responsible for increas-
ing plant productivity by as much as one
quarter from 1960 to 1999.

    Dr Lina Mercado from the UK's Centre for
Ecology and Hydrology, the lead author of

[35] the study, said:

    “This resulted in a net 10% increase in the
amount of carbon stored by the land once
other effects were taken into account,
she was quoted as saying by the Press As-

[40] sociation.

    This study highlights some of the compli-
cations that arise when we try to tackle
global warming.

    As the world attempts to reduce the

[45] amount of smog and particulates in the at-

mosphere to improve human health, it will

require even greater efforts to cut back on
carbon dioxide.

    This new research shows that plants will

[50] simply not absorb as much carbon dioxide in
cleaner air conditions.

    The research will also add weight to ar-
guments about geo-engineering, the idea of
curbing global warming by adding reflective

[55] materials to the atmosphere.

    US President Barack Obama's chief
scientific adviser, Professor John Holdren,
recently told reporters that such ideas, once
dismissed as half-baked, would have to be

[60] seriously discussed, such was the scale of

the climate challenge.
Fonte: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8013709.stm Thursday, 23 April 2009.

Pollution 'fights global warming:
By Matt McGrath
BBC News science reporter

[1]    Air pollution may be helping the fight
against global warming by enhancing the
ability of plants to absorb carbon dioxide,
scientists say.

[5]    Since the 1960s, increased levels of at-
mospheric pollution have enhanced plant
productivity by as much as one quarter, re-
search has found.

    In terms of carbon dioxide, this means

[10] that an extra 10% has been stored in the soil.

    The research was published in the
scientific journal, Nature.

    It is a common assumption that plants
grow best in clear sunny weather, but

[15] scientists say this is not always the case.

    Research has shown that forests and
crops can also thrive in hazy conditions be-
cause clouds and particles in the atmosphere
scatter sun light so that it bathes more

[20] leaves.

    That enhances photosynthesis, the process
by which plants turn light and carbon dioxide
into food.

    Global dimming

[25]    Researchers have now analyzed the im-
pact on plants of the dimmer, hazier skies
that have resulted from increases in air pol-
lution around the world since the 1900s.

    They have calculated that this so-called

[30] "global dimming” is responsible for increas-
ing plant productivity by as much as one
quarter from 1960 to 1999.

    Dr Lina Mercado from the UK's Centre for
Ecology and Hydrology, the lead author of

[35] the study, said:

    “This resulted in a net 10% increase in the
amount of carbon stored by the land once
other effects were taken into account,
she was quoted as saying by the Press As-

[40] sociation.

    This study highlights some of the compli-
cations that arise when we try to tackle
global warming.

    As the world attempts to reduce the

[45] amount of smog and particulates in the at-

mosphere to improve human health, it will

require even greater efforts to cut back on
carbon dioxide.

    This new research shows that plants will

[50] simply not absorb as much carbon dioxide in
cleaner air conditions.

    The research will also add weight to ar-
guments about geo-engineering, the idea of
curbing global warming by adding reflective

[55] materials to the atmosphere.

    US President Barack Obama's chief
scientific adviser, Professor John Holdren,
recently told reporters that such ideas, once
dismissed as half-baked, would have to be

[60] seriously discussed, such was the scale of

the climate challenge.
Fonte: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8013709.stm Thursday, 23 April 2009.

Pollution 'fights global warming:
By Matt McGrath
BBC News science reporter

[1]    Air pollution may be helping the fight
against global warming by enhancing the
ability of plants to absorb carbon dioxide,
scientists say.

[5]    Since the 1960s, increased levels of at-
mospheric pollution have enhanced plant
productivity by as much as one quarter, re-
search has found.

    In terms of carbon dioxide, this means

[10] that an extra 10% has been stored in the soil.

    The research was published in the
scientific journal, Nature.

    It is a common assumption that plants
grow best in clear sunny weather, but

[15] scientists say this is not always the case.

    Research has shown that forests and
crops can also thrive in hazy conditions be-
cause clouds and particles in the atmosphere
scatter sun light so that it bathes more

[20] leaves.

    That enhances photosynthesis, the process
by which plants turn light and carbon dioxide
into food.

    Global dimming

[25]    Researchers have now analyzed the im-
pact on plants of the dimmer, hazier skies
that have resulted from increases in air pol-
lution around the world since the 1900s.

    They have calculated that this so-called

[30] "global dimming” is responsible for increas-
ing plant productivity by as much as one
quarter from 1960 to 1999.

    Dr Lina Mercado from the UK's Centre for
Ecology and Hydrology, the lead author of

[35] the study, said:

    “This resulted in a net 10% increase in the
amount of carbon stored by the land once
other effects were taken into account,
she was quoted as saying by the Press As-

[40] sociation.

    This study highlights some of the compli-
cations that arise when we try to tackle
global warming.

    As the world attempts to reduce the

[45] amount of smog and particulates in the at-

mosphere to improve human health, it will

require even greater efforts to cut back on
carbon dioxide.

    This new research shows that plants will

[50] simply not absorb as much carbon dioxide in
cleaner air conditions.

    The research will also add weight to ar-
guments about geo-engineering, the idea of
curbing global warming by adding reflective

[55] materials to the atmosphere.

    US President Barack Obama's chief
scientific adviser, Professor John Holdren,
recently told reporters that such ideas, once
dismissed as half-baked, would have to be

[60] seriously discussed, such was the scale of

the climate challenge.
Fonte: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8013709.stm Thursday, 23 April 2009.

Pollution 'fights global warming:
By Matt McGrath
BBC News science reporter

[1]    Air pollution may be helping the fight
against global warming by enhancing the
ability of plants to absorb carbon dioxide,
scientists say.

[5]    Since the 1960s, increased levels of at-
mospheric pollution have enhanced plant
productivity by as much as one quarter, re-
search has found.

    In terms of carbon dioxide, this means

[10] that an extra 10% has been stored in the soil.

    The research was published in the
scientific journal, Nature.

    It is a common assumption that plants
grow best in clear sunny weather, but

[15] scientists say this is not always the case.

    Research has shown that forests and
crops can also thrive in hazy conditions be-
cause clouds and particles in the atmosphere
scatter sun light so that it bathes more

[20] leaves.

    That enhances photosynthesis, the process
by which plants turn light and carbon dioxide
into food.

    Global dimming

[25]    Researchers have now analyzed the im-
pact on plants of the dimmer, hazier skies
that have resulted from increases in air pol-
lution around the world since the 1900s.

    They have calculated that this so-called

[30] "global dimming” is responsible for increas-
ing plant productivity by as much as one
quarter from 1960 to 1999.

    Dr Lina Mercado from the UK's Centre for
Ecology and Hydrology, the lead author of

[35] the study, said:

    “This resulted in a net 10% increase in the
amount of carbon stored by the land once
other effects were taken into account,
she was quoted as saying by the Press As-

[40] sociation.

    This study highlights some of the compli-
cations that arise when we try to tackle
global warming.

    As the world attempts to reduce the

[45] amount of smog and particulates in the at-

mosphere to improve human health, it will

require even greater efforts to cut back on
carbon dioxide.

    This new research shows that plants will

[50] simply not absorb as much carbon dioxide in
cleaner air conditions.

    The research will also add weight to ar-
guments about geo-engineering, the idea of
curbing global warming by adding reflective

[55] materials to the atmosphere.

    US President Barack Obama's chief
scientific adviser, Professor John Holdren,
recently told reporters that such ideas, once
dismissed as half-baked, would have to be

[60] seriously discussed, such was the scale of

the climate challenge.
Fonte: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8013709.stm Thursday, 23 April 2009.