Questões de Inglês

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Moral Harassment

What is moral harassment?

Many researchers are now trying to define and understand psychological or moral harassment at work. Among these, we have retained a definition from a renowned expert in the field, French psychiatrist MarieFrance Hirigoyen, here freely translated: "If a person or a group of individuals treats you in a manner that is hostile, whether through actions, words or in writing, and if those actions affect your dignity, your physical or psychological well-being, as well as causing a deterioration in your workplace or even jeopardizing your employment, you are the victim of psychological harassment."

How to recognize moral harassment?

According to German psychologist Dr. Heinz Leymann, the following are some of the effects and behaviours of moral harassment (for which he uses the term "mobbing"):

Effects on the victim's possibilities to communicate

(management gives you no possibility to communicate, you are silenced, verbal attack against you regarding work assignments, verbal threats, verbal activities in order to reject you, etc.)

Effects on the victim's possibilities to maintain social contacts (colleagues do not talk with you any longer or you are even forbidden by management to talk to them, you are isolated in a room far away from others, you are "sent to Coventry", etc.)

Effects on the victim's possibilities to maintain his personal reputation (gossiping about you, others ridicule you, others make fun about a handicap or your ethnic heritage, or your way of moving or talking, etc.)

Effects on the victim's occupational situation (you are not given any work assignment at all, you are given meaningless work assignments, etc.)

Effects on the victim's physical health (you are given dangerous work assignments, others threaten you physically or you are attacked physically, you are sexually harassed in an active way, etc.) What are the consequences of moral harassment at work?

On The Victim And Witnesses

Moral harassment can lead to an untimely end to a career. The following example shows how such a course of events can lead to an abrupt, premature departure: Emotional instability: anguish, discouragement, frustration, feelings of helplessness, a loss of selfesteem, of ambition, of motivation. Physical health problems: tiredness, headaches, lack of sleep, intestinal and other physical discomforts. Mental health problems: depression, professional burn-out, suicidal thoughts. Loss of credibility: reputation destroyed, victim’s professionalism questioned. Job loss: disability leave, resignation or dismissal. Incapacity to go back to regular work: abandoning the job market. Involuntary witnesses may feel uneasy, insecure and powerless. […]

(Source:http://www.prevention-violence.com/en/int-111.asp)

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Dear Readers,

Were you bullied at school today?
Did you see someone else being
bullied? According to a 2005 study
by researchers at the University of
California at Los Angeles, nearly
one half of middle-school students
reported being bullied at least
once during five school days. Even
more kids had seen others being
bullied. Bullying is harmful not
only to the kids that are bullied,
but to every kid in school. Hitting,
teasing, name-calling and other
forms of bullying create an
atmosphere of fear and dread.
Every kid wonders, Will I be
bullied next?
At TIME For Kids, we want every
kid to feel comfortable, safe and
confident at school, so everyone
can focus on learning and
growing. That’s why we are so
proud that the Department
of Health and Human Services has
sponsored this supplement “Stop
Bullying Now!” This is the first of
three issues you will receive this
year presenting bullying scenarios
and showing you ways to cope
with them. Share this comic book,
and the two that follow, with your
family and friends.
Bullying behavior has probably
been around for as long as human
beings have walked the earth. We
hope to give kids the tools they
need to react appropriately to
bullying situations. Bullying should
not be rewarded or tolerated.

Sincerely yours,

Martha Pickerill
Managing Editor, TIME For Kids

(Fonte: adaptado de http://www.edpubs.gov/document/ ed005149p.pdf?ck=308; acesso em 06.09.2011)

Leia o texto abaixo para responder à questão.

Dear Readers,

Were you bullied at school today?
Did you see someone else being
bullied? According to a 2005 study
by researchers at the University of
California at Los Angeles, nearly
one half of middle-school students
reported being bullied at least
once during five school days. Even
more kids had seen others being
bullied. Bullying is harmful not
only to the kids that are bullied,
but to every kid in school. Hitting,
teasing, name-calling and other
forms of bullying create an
atmosphere of fear and dread.
Every kid wonders, Will I be
bullied next?
At TIME For Kids, we want every
kid to feel comfortable, safe and
confident at school, so everyone
can focus on learning and
growing. That’s why we are so
proud that the Department
of Health and Human Services has
sponsored this supplement “Stop
Bullying Now!” This is the first of
three issues you will receive this
year presenting bullying scenarios
and showing you ways to cope
with them. Share this comic book,
and the two that follow, with your
family and friends.
Bullying behavior has probably
been around for as long as human
beings have walked the earth. We
hope to give kids the tools they
need to react appropriately to
bullying situations. Bullying should
not be rewarded or tolerated.

Sincerely yours,

Martha Pickerill
Managing Editor, TIME For Kids

(Fonte: adaptado de http://www.edpubs.gov/document/ ed005149p.pdf?ck=308; acesso em 06.09.2011)

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2010 census shows Brazil’s inequalities remain

November 17, 2011
By Joe Leahy in São Paulo

    Brazil has a long way to go to become a more egalitarian society in spite of significant advances over the past decade, when millions of poor joined the ranks of the middle classes, the country’s 2010 census shows.

    Among the most glaring inequalities, the figures found that 25 per cent of the population still lived on an average monthly income per capita of up to R$188 ($106) and half the population on up to R$375. This was compared to the minimum wage in 2010 of R$510. “The results of Census 2010 show that income inequality is still very strong in Brazil, despite the declining trend observed in recent years,” the government data bureau, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics – known as the IBGE – said.

    Once notorious for its rich/poor divide, Brazil has made great strides over the past decade. The rise of a new middle class, which is attracting a flurry of international investment as multinationals from car companies to snackfood producers compete to grab a share of the market, was made possible by increases in the minimum wage, improved welfare benefits and stable economic management.

    In particular, successive governments were able to put an end to runaway inflation, which eroded the value of the wages and savings of lower income earners while benefiting those rich enough to buy property or save in dollars.

    According to a study by the Getúlio Vargas Foundation, an academic institution, an estimated 33m people have risen to the ranks of the so-called “new middle classes” or above since 2003. Today, 105.5m Brazilians out of a total population of 190m are members of this group, earning between R$1,200 and R$5,174 per household.

    But the census indicates tens of millions of people have yet to catch up or have been left behind completely. Discrepancies between races are among the greatest. The average monthly income of whites was R$1,538 and Asians R$1,574, nearly double that of blacks and those of mixed race with R$834 and R$845 respectively, and more than twice as much as indigenous people with R$735.

    Whites were also living longer while blacks and those of mixed race accounted for a higher proportion of people below 40 years. “Whites have a higher proportion of elderly people – over 65 years and especially over 80 years of age – which is probably linked to differences in living conditions and access to healthcare, and unequal distribution of income,” the IBGE said.

    The same pattern was represented in levels of illiteracy. Although the national rate of illiteracy among the population aged 15 years or older had fallen from 13.63 per cent in 2000 to 9.6 per cent in 2010, it was still as high as 28 per cent in some medium-sized municipalities in the poorer north-east. Illiteracy among blacks was at 14.4 per cent and among those of mixed race 13 per cent in 2010, nearly triple that of whites at 5.9 per cent.

(www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/71352352-112c-11e1-ad22- 00144feabdc0.html#axzz1wrL3w1LE)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

2010 census shows Brazil’s inequalities remain

November 17, 2011
By Joe Leahy in São Paulo

    Brazil has a long way to go to become a more egalitarian society in spite of significant advances over the past decade, when millions of poor joined the ranks of the middle classes, the country’s 2010 census shows.

    Among the most glaring inequalities, the figures found that 25 per cent of the population still lived on an average monthly income per capita of up to R$188 ($106) and half the population on up to R$375. This was compared to the minimum wage in 2010 of R$510. “The results of Census 2010 show that income inequality is still very strong in Brazil, despite the declining trend observed in recent years,” the government data bureau, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics – known as the IBGE – said.

    Once notorious for its rich/poor divide, Brazil has made great strides over the past decade. The rise of a new middle class, which is attracting a flurry of international investment as multinationals from car companies to snackfood producers compete to grab a share of the market, was made possible by increases in the minimum wage, improved welfare benefits and stable economic management.

    In particular, successive governments were able to put an end to runaway inflation, which eroded the value of the wages and savings of lower income earners while benefiting those rich enough to buy property or save in dollars.

    According to a study by the Getúlio Vargas Foundation, an academic institution, an estimated 33m people have risen to the ranks of the so-called “new middle classes” or above since 2003. Today, 105.5m Brazilians out of a total population of 190m are members of this group, earning between R$1,200 and R$5,174 per household.

    But the census indicates tens of millions of people have yet to catch up or have been left behind completely. Discrepancies between races are among the greatest. The average monthly income of whites was R$1,538 and Asians R$1,574, nearly double that of blacks and those of mixed race with R$834 and R$845 respectively, and more than twice as much as indigenous people with R$735.

    Whites were also living longer while blacks and those of mixed race accounted for a higher proportion of people below 40 years. “Whites have a higher proportion of elderly people – over 65 years and especially over 80 years of age – which is probably linked to differences in living conditions and access to healthcare, and unequal distribution of income,” the IBGE said.

    The same pattern was represented in levels of illiteracy. Although the national rate of illiteracy among the population aged 15 years or older had fallen from 13.63 per cent in 2000 to 9.6 per cent in 2010, it was still as high as 28 per cent in some medium-sized municipalities in the poorer north-east. Illiteracy among blacks was at 14.4 per cent and among those of mixed race 13 per cent in 2010, nearly triple that of whites at 5.9 per cent.

(www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/71352352-112c-11e1-ad22- 00144feabdc0.html#axzz1wrL3w1LE)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

2010 census shows Brazil’s inequalities remain

November 17, 2011
By Joe Leahy in São Paulo

    Brazil has a long way to go to become a more egalitarian society in spite of significant advances over the past decade, when millions of poor joined the ranks of the middle classes, the country’s 2010 census shows.

    Among the most glaring inequalities, the figures found that 25 per cent of the population still lived on an average monthly income per capita of up to R$188 ($106) and half the population on up to R$375. This was compared to the minimum wage in 2010 of R$510. “The results of Census 2010 show that income inequality is still very strong in Brazil, despite the declining trend observed in recent years,” the government data bureau, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics – known as the IBGE – said.

    Once notorious for its rich/poor divide, Brazil has made great strides over the past decade. The rise of a new middle class, which is attracting a flurry of international investment as multinationals from car companies to snackfood producers compete to grab a share of the market, was made possible by increases in the minimum wage, improved welfare benefits and stable economic management.

    In particular, successive governments were able to put an end to runaway inflation, which eroded the value of the wages and savings of lower income earners while benefiting those rich enough to buy property or save in dollars.

    According to a study by the Getúlio Vargas Foundation, an academic institution, an estimated 33m people have risen to the ranks of the so-called “new middle classes” or above since 2003. Today, 105.5m Brazilians out of a total population of 190m are members of this group, earning between R$1,200 and R$5,174 per household.

    But the census indicates tens of millions of people have yet to catch up or have been left behind completely. Discrepancies between races are among the greatest. The average monthly income of whites was R$1,538 and Asians R$1,574, nearly double that of blacks and those of mixed race with R$834 and R$845 respectively, and more than twice as much as indigenous people with R$735.

    Whites were also living longer while blacks and those of mixed race accounted for a higher proportion of people below 40 years. “Whites have a higher proportion of elderly people – over 65 years and especially over 80 years of age – which is probably linked to differences in living conditions and access to healthcare, and unequal distribution of income,” the IBGE said.

    The same pattern was represented in levels of illiteracy. Although the national rate of illiteracy among the population aged 15 years or older had fallen from 13.63 per cent in 2000 to 9.6 per cent in 2010, it was still as high as 28 per cent in some medium-sized municipalities in the poorer north-east. Illiteracy among blacks was at 14.4 per cent and among those of mixed race 13 per cent in 2010, nearly triple that of whites at 5.9 per cent.

(www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/71352352-112c-11e1-ad22- 00144feabdc0.html#axzz1wrL3w1LE)