Questões de Inglês

Is It Better to Walk or Run?

By GRETCHEN REYNOLDS

[1] Walking and running are the most popular physical activities for American

adults. But whether one is preferable to the other in terms of improving health has long

been debated. Now a variety of new studies that pitted running directly against walking

are providing some answers. Their conclusion? It depends almost completely on what

[5] you are hoping 5 to accomplish.

If, for instance, you are looking to control your weight, running wins, going

away. In a study published last month in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, and

unambiguously titled “Greater Weight Loss From Running than Walking,” researchers

combed survey data from 15,237 walkers and 32,215 runners enrolled in the National

[10] Runners and Walkers Health Study — a large survey being conducted at Lawrence

Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California.

Participants were asked about their weight, waist circumference, diets and

typical weekly walking or running mileage both when they joined the study, and then

again up to six years later. The runners almost uniformly were thinner than the walkers

[15] when each joined the study. And they stayed that way throughout. Over the years, the

runners maintained their body mass and waistlines far better than the walkers.

The difference was particularly notable among participants over 55. Runners in

this age group were not running a lot and generally were barely expending more calories

per week during exercise than older walkers. But their body mass indexes and waist

[20] circumferences remained significantly lower than those of age-matched walkers.

Why running should better aid weight management than walking is not

altogether clear. It might seem obvious that running, being more strenuous than

walking, burns more calories per hour. And that’s true. But in the Berkeley study and

others, when energy expenditure was approximately matched — when walkers head out

[25] for hours of rambling and burn the same number of calories over the course of a week

as runners — the runners seem able to control their weight better over the long term.

One reason may be running’s effect on appetite, as another intriguing, if small,

study suggests. In the study, published last year in the Journal of Obesity, nine

experienced female runners and 10 committed female walkers reported to the exercise

[30] physiology lab at the University of Wyoming on two separate occasions. On one day,

the groups ran or walked on a treadmill for an hour. On the second day, they all rested

for an hour. Throughout each session, researchers monitored their total energy

expenditure. They also drew blood from their volunteers to check for levels of certain

hormones related to appetite.

[35] After both sessions, the volunteers were set free in a room with a laden buffet

and told to eat at will. The walkers turned out to be hungry, consuming about 50

calories more than they had burned during their hour-long treadmill stroll. The runners,

on the other hand, picked at their food, taking in almost 200 calories less than they had

burned while running.

[40] Of course, few walkers match the energy expenditure of runners. 40 “It’s fair to say

that, if you plan to expend the same energy walking as running, you have to walk about

one and a half times as far and that it takes about twice as long,” said Paul T. Williams,

a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories and the lead author of all of

the studies involving the surveys of runners and walkers.

[45] On the other hand, people who begin walking are often more unhealthy than

those who start running, and so their health benefits from the exercise can be

commensurately greater. “It bears repeating that either walking or running is healthier

than not doing either,” Dr. Williams said, whatever your health goals.

Adapted from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/is-it-better-to-walk-orrun/? ref=health May 29, 2013

The Evolution of the Telephone

Sam Goddard - published by Ezine Articles (The text below has been modified to better suit the exam)

1. Alexander Graham Bell most likely had no idea that he had discovered what would eventually change the world in more ways than could be imagined. The technology at the origin of telephones has led to many more inventions in the telecommunications field that keep people in touch and connected around the world. On March 10, 1876 Alexander Graham Bell transmitted the first speech using electricity. From that day forward, the telephone system changed every aspect of life. Although it did not immediately change  the world, it set communication on a path that would alter its future.

2. The initial lack of acceptance of Mr. Bell's discovery was due to the telegraph being the dominant form of communication and it had been around for over 50 years. This voice traveling across electrical lines that Mr. Bell was proposing was a new and daunting discovery. In the late 1870's Mr. Bell took his public telephone demonstrations on the road in an attempt to raise awareness and public finance for the project. Mr. Bell presented the telephone as a broadcasting system. However, he wasn't the only person working on ideas that would have an impact on telephone technology. Thomas Edison invented the first transmitter and receiver that would be practical for commercial use. He had already invented a type of multiplexing that allowed messages to be sent in opposite directions simultaneously.

3. In the 1880's the switchboard came on board. During this time, there was no dialing, no signaling system, and no electronic switches. Callers would crank the handle and speak with an operator who would then connect them to their party so that they could have their conversation. This type of system had no ringer to alert of incoming calls and no privacy due to the operator being the middle man holding the call together. By 1946 the number of telephone callers made switchboard operators' jobs too much for people alone to handle. Nearly a quarter of a million operators were working for AT&T in 1946 but that number would decrease significantly with the widespread implementation of automatic call switching.

4. Although this switching system was invented in 1889, it was not until 1914 that it was installed on a large-scale basis in New Jersey. Then, it wasn't until 1976 that the first computerized switch was put into action and by 1982 almost half of all telephone calls were switched electronically. Bell’s patent ran out at the turn of the century and approximately 6000 independent phone companies opened up shop.

The Evolution of the Telephone

Sam Goddard - published by Ezine Articles (The text below has been modified to better suit the exam)

1. Alexander Graham Bell most likely had no idea that he had discovered what would eventually change the world in more ways than could be imagined. The technology at the origin of telephones has led to many more inventions in the telecommunications field that keep people in touch and connected around the world. On March 10, 1876 Alexander Graham Bell transmitted the first speech using electricity. From that day forward, the telephone system changed every aspect of life. Although it did not immediately change  the world, it set communication on a path that would alter its future.

2. The initial lack of acceptance of Mr. Bell's discovery was due to the telegraph being the dominant form of communication and it had been around for over 50 years. This voice traveling across electrical lines that Mr. Bell was proposing was a new and daunting discovery. In the late 1870's Mr. Bell took his public telephone demonstrations on the road in an attempt to raise awareness and public finance for the project. Mr. Bell presented the telephone as a broadcasting system. However, he wasn't the only person working on ideas that would have an impact on telephone technology. Thomas Edison invented the first transmitter and receiver that would be practical for commercial use. He had already invented a type of multiplexing that allowed messages to be sent in opposite directions simultaneously.

3. In the 1880's the switchboard came on board. During this time, there was no dialing, no signaling system, and no electronic switches. Callers would crank the handle and speak with an operator who would then connect them to their party so that they could have their conversation. This type of system had no ringer to alert of incoming calls and no privacy due to the operator being the middle man holding the call together. By 1946 the number of telephone callers made switchboard operators' jobs too much for people alone to handle. Nearly a quarter of a million operators were working for AT&T in 1946 but that number would decrease significantly with the widespread implementation of automatic call switching.

4. Although this switching system was invented in 1889, it was not until 1914 that it was installed on a large-scale basis in New Jersey. Then, it wasn't until 1976 that the first computerized switch was put into action and by 1982 almost half of all telephone calls were switched electronically. Bell’s patent ran out at the turn of the century and approximately 6000 independent phone companies opened up shop.

The Evolution of the Telephone

Sam Goddard - published by Ezine Articles (The text below has been modified to better suit the exam)

1. Alexander Graham Bell most likely had no idea that he had discovered what would eventually change the world in more ways than could be imagined. The technology at the origin of telephones has led to many more inventions in the telecommunications field that keep people in touch and connected around the world. On March 10, 1876 Alexander Graham Bell transmitted the first speech using electricity. From that day forward, the telephone system changed every aspect of life. Although it did not immediately change  the world, it set communication on a path that would alter its future.

2. The initial lack of acceptance of Mr. Bell's discovery was due to the telegraph being the dominant form of communication and it had been around for over 50 years. This voice traveling across electrical lines that Mr. Bell was proposing was a new and daunting discovery. In the late 1870's Mr. Bell took his public telephone demonstrations on the road in an attempt to raise awareness and public finance for the project. Mr. Bell presented the telephone as a broadcasting system. However, he wasn't the only person working on ideas that would have an impact on telephone technology. Thomas Edison invented the first transmitter and receiver that would be practical for commercial use. He had already invented a type of multiplexing that allowed messages to be sent in opposite directions simultaneously.

3. In the 1880's the switchboard came on board. During this time, there was no dialing, no signaling system, and no electronic switches. Callers would crank the handle and speak with an operator who would then connect them to their party so that they could have their conversation. This type of system had no ringer to alert of incoming calls and no privacy due to the operator being the middle man holding the call together. By 1946 the number of telephone callers made switchboard operators' jobs too much for people alone to handle. Nearly a quarter of a million operators were working for AT&T in 1946 but that number would decrease significantly with the widespread implementation of automatic call switching.

4. Although this switching system was invented in 1889, it was not until 1914 that it was installed on a large-scale basis in New Jersey. Then, it wasn't until 1976 that the first computerized switch was put into action and by 1982 almost half of all telephone calls were switched electronically. Bell’s patent ran out at the turn of the century and approximately 6000 independent phone companies opened up shop.

The Evolution of the Telephone

Sam Goddard - published by Ezine Articles (The text below has been modified to better suit the exam)

1. Alexander Graham Bell most likely had no idea that he had discovered what would eventually change the world in more ways than could be imagined. The technology at the origin of telephones has led to many more inventions in the telecommunications field that keep people in touch and connected around the world. On March 10, 1876 Alexander Graham Bell transmitted the first speech using electricity. From that day forward, the telephone system changed every aspect of life. Although it did not immediately change  the world, it set communication on a path that would alter its future.

2. The initial lack of acceptance of Mr. Bell's discovery was due to the telegraph being the dominant form of communication and it had been around for over 50 years. This voice traveling across electrical lines that Mr. Bell was proposing was a new and daunting discovery. In the late 1870's Mr. Bell took his public telephone demonstrations on the road in an attempt to raise awareness and public finance for the project. Mr. Bell presented the telephone as a broadcasting system. However, he wasn't the only person working on ideas that would have an impact on telephone technology. Thomas Edison invented the first transmitter and receiver that would be practical for commercial use. He had already invented a type of multiplexing that allowed messages to be sent in opposite directions simultaneously.

3. In the 1880's the switchboard came on board. During this time, there was no dialing, no signaling system, and no electronic switches. Callers would crank the handle and speak with an operator who would then connect them to their party so that they could have their conversation. This type of system had no ringer to alert of incoming calls and no privacy due to the operator being the middle man holding the call together. By 1946 the number of telephone callers made switchboard operators' jobs too much for people alone to handle. Nearly a quarter of a million operators were working for AT&T in 1946 but that number would decrease significantly with the widespread implementation of automatic call switching.

4. Although this switching system was invented in 1889, it was not until 1914 that it was installed on a large-scale basis in New Jersey. Then, it wasn't until 1976 that the first computerized switch was put into action and by 1982 almost half of all telephone calls were switched electronically. Bell’s patent ran out at the turn of the century and approximately 6000 independent phone companies opened up shop.

The Evolution of the Telephone

Sam Goddard - published by Ezine Articles (The text below has been modified to better suit the exam)

1. Alexander Graham Bell most likely had no idea that he had discovered what would eventually change the world in more ways than could be imagined. The technology at the origin of telephones has led to many more inventions in the telecommunications field that keep people in touch and connected around the world. On March 10, 1876 Alexander Graham Bell transmitted the first speech using electricity. From that day forward, the telephone system changed every aspect of life. Although it did not immediately change the world, it set communication on a path that would alter its future.

2. The initial lack of acceptance of Mr. Bell's discovery was due to the telegraph being the dominant form of communication and it had been around for over 50 years. This voice traveling across electrical lines that Mr. Bell was proposing was a new and daunting discovery. In the late 1870's Mr. Bell took his public telephone demonstrations on the road in an attempt to raise awareness and public finance for the project. Mr. Bell presented the telephone as a broadcasting system. However, he wasn't the only person working on ideas that would have an impact on telephone technology. Thomas Edison invented the first transmitter and receiver that would be practical for commercial use. He had already invented a type of multiplexing that allowed messages to be sent in opposite directions simultaneously.

3. In the 1880's the switchboard came on board. During this time, there was no dialing, no signaling system, and no electronic switches. Callers would crank the handle and speak with an operator who would then connect them to their party so that they could have their conversation. This type of system had no ringer to alert of incoming calls and no privacy due to the operator being the middle man holding the call together. By 1946 the number of telephone callers made switchboard operators' jobs too much for people alone to handle. Nearly a quarter of a million operators were working for AT&T in 1946 but that number would decrease significantly with the widespread implementation of automatic call switching.

4. Although this switching system was invented in 1889, it was not until 1914 that it was installed on a large-scale basis in New Jersey. Then, it wasn't until 1976 that the first computerized switch was put into action and by 1982 almost half of all telephone calls were switched electronically. Bell’s patent ran out at the turn of the century and approximately 6000 independent phone companies opened up shop.